What are the three steps to memory? What are the three levels of encoding? Which level of encoding is the best? Rehearsal is part ___ encoding. We tend to remember things better that have personal meaning to us. This is called ___. What is the memory technique which involves organizing items into familiar, manageable units called? Reading Question: What are the three parts of memory storage?

Storage

Information Processing Model Focuses on the way information is stored through three different stages of memory. Sensory Memory Short-Term / Working Memory Long-Term Memory

Information Processing Model Step 1: Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register. Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time. If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

Sensory Memory Storage 2 main types Iconic memory: momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (lasts a few 1/10’s of a second) Echoic memory: momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli (stored for about 3-4 seconds)

Step 2: Short-Term Memory Information Processing Model Step 2: Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly 7 (+/- 2) items. The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? Rehearsal You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

Step 2 ½: Working Memory Working memory might also be referred to as working attention. Short-term memory refers to the short-term storage of information, and it does not entail the manipulation or organization of material held in memory. The active system that processes short term memory - the system that processes all immediate thoughts, etc.

Step 3: Long-Term Memory Information Processing Model Step 3: Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

External Sensory Events Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory All information lost within a second or so. Unrehearsed information is lost in about 15 to 30 seconds. Information is retained indefinitely although some information may be difficult to retrieve Encoding/ Consolidation Retrieval Rehearsal External Sensory Events Attention

The Brain and Memory

How does our brain store long-term memories? Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. Review areas associated with memory: Amygdala: formation of emotional memories Hippocampus: formation of new memories

Amygdala Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. Maybe what helps form Flashbulb Memory.

Flashbulb Memory A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2. You heard about the death of a family member 3. Your first kiss

Types of Long Term Memory Implicit memory (procedural memory): memory free from conscious awareness - memories of how to do something. Formed in Cerebellum. Explicit memory (declarative memory): memory that we are consciously aware of. Memories of facts and experiences. Formed in the hippocampus

The Cerebellum and Memory The cerebellum has something to do with storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning Hand shake and thumb tack example Woman’s hippocampus was damaged Didn’t remember ever having met the Dr. Knew to pull her hand away when he tried to shake it though

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) The long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons by repeated stimulation increases the neural connections (# of synapses) makes it easier and faster for the neuron to release neurotransmitter. Increases receptor sites

Consolidation The neurological process that takes place during the formation of a memory or learned behavior. (LTP is part of this process)

External Sensory Events Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory All information lost within a second or so. Unrehearsed information is lost in about 15 to 30 seconds. Information is retained indefinitely although some information may be difficult to retrieve Encoding/ Consolidation Retrieval Rehearsal External Sensory Events Attention

The process where neurons communicate faster/easier as one rehearses information is called:___. List the three ways that #1 can occur. The three stages of the information processing model are: The three levels of the levels of processing model are: Sensory memory of visual information is called: Sensory memory of auditory information is called: Memory of procedures is called procedural or ___ memory and is processed in the ____ Memory of facts or experiences is called ____ or ____ memory and is processed in the ____