Primary source: Guaman Poma “The execution of Tupac Amaru Inka by order of the Viceroy Toledo, as distraught Andean nobles lament the killing of their innocent lord” http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/453/en/image/?open=idp574480

Conquest and colonization is a story that empires, the colonizers, and the colonized tell themselves. So, we need to ask, what are the stories of conquest and colonization? Who tells which story of which conquest? What do the stories of conquest and colonization tell us about empire and its ruins? the amazing power of indigenous people’s ability to include themselves into Spanish colonization, and make a new colonial society. but also the painful cultural violence of colonization (of empire) that led indigenous practices and sites to be “forgotten” by 19th-century Andean nations and the remarkable agency of indigenous people – in the past and in the present – to revolution.

“The execution of Tupac Amaru Inka by order of the Viceroy Toledo, as distraught Andean nobles lament the killing of their innocent lord” http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/453/en/image/?open=idp574480 * Cañari * Cuzco Primary source: Guaman Poma

The Spanish and the Myths of Conquest I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Pauses: Using Secondary Sources III. Conquest Becomes Colonization Equals Empire

Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Myth #1: Incas and Andeans thought that the Spanish were gods.

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Native Andeans “called the Spaniards viracochas because they thought they were children of heaven and as it were divine, just as others attributed divine status to Paul and Barnabas, calling one Jupiter and the other Mercury and trying to offer them sacrifices as though they were gods.” I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Primary source: José de Acosta (1590) (page 116 of Matthew Restall: secondary source)

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest “They named the people as such because they differed much from us in clothing and appearance and because they rode very large animals with silver feet…each was so different from the other, some having black beards and other red ones and, finally, because they saw them eat out of silver dishes and using yllapas [lightning]” (p. 60) I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Primary source: Titu Cusi Yupanqui (Inca) (1570)

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest “Two of these Viracochas were brought to my uncle [Inca] Atahuallpa…. [and] he received them very well. However, when he offered our customary drink in a golden cup to one of them, the Spaniard poured it out with his own hands, which offended my uncle very much.” p. 60 I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Primary source: Titu Cusi Yupanqui (Inca) (1570)

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Primary source: Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) Peasants at the Table “El Almuerzo” c. 1620

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Inca Manco Capac Francisco Pizarro I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Primary source: Pedro Cieza de León (1554) http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~2408~4000008:-Del-Rio-de-Apurima--y-del-valle-de?qvq=w4s:/when%2F1492-1600;q:Francisco%2BPizarro&mi=0&trs=14#

Primary Source: Guaman Poma Diego de Almagro vs. Francisco Pizarro “The death of don Francisco Pizarro by the sword of don Diego de Almagro, the mestizo son of Pizarro’s former ally.” Primary Source: Guaman Poma

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Cay coritacho micunqui? [Is this the gold you eat?] / Este oro comemos. / [This is the gold we eat.] Primary Source: Guaman Poma

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Inca Battle Club I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest Myth #2 The Spanish had superior weapons and technology.

I. Myths of Spanish Conquest Amerigo Vespucci I. Myths of Spanish Conquest Myth #3: The Incas did not resist. Primary source: Jan van der Straet (1575)

I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest 1533: Spanish enter Cuzco 1536: Manco Inca retakes Cuzco 1539: Manco Inca retreats to Vilcabamba 1539 – 1571: Armed Inca resistance from Vilcabamba 1571: Titu Cusi Yupanqui dies 1572: Tupac Amaru is executed I. Countering the Myths of Spanish Conquest

Primary source: Guaman Poma “The execution of Tupac Amaru Inka by order of the Viceroy Toledo, as distraught Andean nobles lament the killing of their innocent lord” http://www.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/453/en/image/?open=idp574480

Andean Guaman Poma: kurakakuna or curaca Inca, Where have you Gone? Has our perverse Enemy gone and Cut your Neck, you who are Innocent? Inkarri Andean Guaman Poma: kurakakuna or curaca

II. Conquest Becomes Colonization Equals Empire Potosí Mita (mitayos): colonial tribute Mingas: wage labor adaptations

Primary source: Virgin of the Rich Mountain of Potosí (1740) Atlas of Sea Charts (1590)