Pre-Columbian Civilizations Mayan, Incan, & Aztec Civilizations

The Civilizations of America …advanced societies were developing in isolation in the Americas While classical civilizations were developing in the Mediterranean & Asia…

Title During the Neolithic Revolution, these nomads settled into farming villages; Some of which became advanced civilizations Text During the Ice Age, prehistoric nomads migrated across the land bridge between Asia & America

The Olmecs The Olmecs are often called the “mother culture” because they influenced other Mesoamerican societies The first American civilization were people known as the Olmec in an area known as Mesoamerica 4

The Olmecs The Olmecs developed a strong trade network in Mesoamerica that brought them great wealth Olmec trade allowed them to spread their culture to other Mesoamericans The Olmecs used their wealth to build large stone monuments & pyramids to honor their leaders & gods For unknown reasons, the Olmec civilization declined by 400 B.C. but their cities & symbols influenced later cultures, especially the Mayans 5

Olmec Trade Jade ornament Metropolitan Museum Olmec stone mask, serpentine, British Museum. Jade ornament

In what ways have the Olmecs influenced later Mesoamerican societies? Pretend DBQ In what ways have the Olmecs influenced later Mesoamerican societies?

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Document 2 Olmec sculpture of a ruler emerging from a cave. Richard A. Cooke / Getty images. Olmec priest with supernatural infant. Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images

Document 3 Jaguar head at Chichen Itza, Mayan city. Olmec jaguar sculpture

Document 4 “Archeologists once believed that sites such as La Venta were ceremonial centers where important rituals were performed but few lived. In recent years, however, experts have begun to revise that view. The Olmec appear to have been a prosperous people who directed a large trading network throughout Mesoamerica. Olmec goods traveled as far as Mexico City to the north and Honduras to the south. In addition, raw materials – including iron ore and various stones - reached San Lorenzo from faraway regions.” -Patterns of Interaction, page 241

With partner(s) Contextualization for this pretend DBQ: Evidence beyond the Documents: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Mayan Empire The Maya lived in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, & Honduras One of the most advanced civilizations in the world before the arrival of Europeans; Reached its highest development from about 300 to 900 A.D.

Mayan Empire Mayans were polytheists who built large pyramids to honor gods—smaller than Egyptian & Kush pyramids but were much more detailed & decorative; contained arches (like the Romans!)

The Mayans Religion: Mayans were polytheistic & offered their blood, food, & sometimes human sacrifices to please the gods

Mayan Empire Accomplishments of the Mayans: Developed system of mathematics & number system Created accurate calendar with 365 days that could accurately predict eclipses & finding the day of the week many thousands of years in the past or future Had exact knowledge of phases of the moon & cycle of Venus

Mayan Empire Developed hieroglyphic-style writing to record astronomical observations, calendar calculations, & historical information

Pretend DBQ: Mayan The Maya: What was their Most Remarkable Achievement? Document 1: Chichen Itza

Document 2: Mayan Calendar

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With partner(s) Contextualization for this pretend DBQ: Evidence beyond the Documents: 1. 2. 3.

Inca Empire The Inca built one of the largest & wealthiest empires in the world It began in the mid-1400s & was located on the western coast of South America

Inca Empire Incan Empire extended more than 2,500 miles & included present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, & Argentina— huge territory covered deserts, mountains, & rain forests Used terraced mountain- sides & irrigation streams for farming

Inca Empire Most famous city was Machu Picchu, a summer palace?

Machu Picchu

Inca Empire Accomplishments of the Inca: Had no writing, but created record system called quipu (knots tied to colored rope) Built suspension bridges Built 10,000 miles of roads Excellent goldsmiths 1st civilization to harvest potatoes

Pretend DBQ: Inca What were the causes for the development of innovative Incan agricultural practices?

Document 1 “As soon as the Incan ruler had conquered any kingdom and set up his government, he ordered that the farmland used to grow corn be extended. For this great purpose, he ordered irrigation channels to be constructed. The engineers showed great cleverness and skill in supply(ing) water for the crops….” -Garciasco de la Vega, son of an Incan and a Spanish explorer, 1539

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Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire began lasted from 1427 to 1521 (conquered by Spanish conquistadors) The capital, Tenochtitlán, was located on the present-day site of Mexico City

Aztec Empire The Aztecs were founded by the Mexica, (came from west Mexico) Legend predicted the Mexicans would found a great civilization where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus growing out of a rock Aztec civilization was created on Lake Texcoco—strategic with abundant food supplies & waterways for transportation

When captured by Spanish conquistadors, Tenochtitlán was possibly the largest city in the world

Aztec Empire Farming was the basis of the Aztec economy, but land was not large enough to produce enough food for the population; Aztecs created chinampas (floating gardens), by putting mud on huge mats made of woven reeds & placed them in lake—farmed on soil on these “farms”

Trade—Pottery, tools, jewelry, figurines, baskets, and cloth were produced for the ruler or sold in the local markets. Prized luxury items (lake salt, gold ornaments, and rich garments) were traded to distant peoples along the Gulf coast and south toward what is now Guatemala. They received: luxury items such as tropical-bird feathers, jaguar skins, cotton, rubber, and cacao beans for chocolate. The Aztec had no wheeled vehicles or draft animals, so trading goods were carried by canoe or on the backs of porters, who marched in long caravans led by merchants. In dangerous areas, Aztec warriors would protect the caravans. Merchants would often act as spies for the empire when trading in towns that had not been conquered by the Aztec. "Aztec Empire," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993- 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Aztec Empire Aztec were excellent warriors who expanded their empire by conquering their neighbors Aztecs were the “people of the sun” who honored many gods, especially sun god; used human sacrifices to keep the gods happy—victim’s heart was removed & priest ate flesh as sign of respect Boys received military training at age 12 and were required to serve in army for 5 years by age of 17

Pretend DBQ: Aztec Aztec farming has become most famous because of the brilliant chinampas system that Aztec farmers used.  …ith the great city of Tenochtitlan built on swampy but rich ground, the chinampas became key…. …plots about 30m by 2.5m were staked out on the lake bed. A fence was woven between the stakes, and the area would be filled in with mud and vegetation. The next rectangle would be parallel to this one, with room for a canal in between, where canoes could pass through. These canals of course offered irrigation, and provided food of their own such as fish and water fowl. Often willows would be planted along the edge of the plot, to provide further stable fencing as well as shade (though they would be carefully pruned to allow enough sunlight into the farm plot). Each plot would be no more than a few feet above the level of the lake, and were supported with a complex irrigation and waterway systems, which included dams, aqueducts and gates. http://www.aztec-history.com/aztec-farming.html

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Document 3 Eagle and Jaguar Warrior Societies The largest warrior societies were that of the Eagles and the Jaguars. They dressed like their name sake animals and wear headquartered in the Quauhcalli "the Eagle House" located in the ceremonial precinct in Tenochtitlan. Eagles were adorned in eagle feathers and wore headgear with an eagle head on it, their faces looking out from an open beak. Jaguars wore suits made from the pelts of pumas (jaguars) and associated themselves with their god of night. Regalia became more splendid and refined as Eagles and Jaguars increased in honors and rank. To be eligible to join the Eagles and Jaguars a man must capture four prisoners in battle. These visually spectacular warriors were often depicted as statues and in codices. Aztec poetry used the term Eagles and Jaguars to refer to nobles in war. http://www.ancientmilitary.com/aztec-warriors.htm

Document 4 Artist conception of chinampas around Tenochtitlan.

Contextualization: Evidence beyond the documents: