Living Environment Regents Review

Be Prepared on Exam Day! Bring to Test Site: Get a Good Nights Sleep Identification (student id, drivers license, etc.) 2 Pens (you must use pen on the exam) 2 Pencils (for graphs only) Get a Good Nights Sleep Eat Breakfast Be Confident in Yourself!

Living Environment Regents Format Part A : Multiple Choice Consists of approximately 30 multiple choice questions, that test you on specific factual information. Part B 1 : Multiple Choice Various questions that test your knowledge of experimental data, analysis of scientific information and representations of biological phenomena. Part B 2 : Free Response and Multiple Choice Questions on interpretation of data and a graph is included here. Part C : Free Response May be a one word response, one sentence or multiple sentences. Part D : Free Response and Multiple Choice Various questions based on the 4 mandated state labs.

Read the Question Carefully! Multiple Choice Read the Question Carefully! Read the whole question. Think of your answer BEFORE you read the choices. Which structures are listed in order from the least complex to the most complex? (1) plant cell, leaf, chloroplast, rose bush (2) chloroplast, plant cell, leaf, rose bush (3) chloroplast, leaf, plant cell, rose bush (4) rose bush, leaf, plant cell, chloroplast

Key Terms & Phrases Multiple Choice Underline the key terms and phrases of the question, especially “explain”, “support”, “not” Remember to take your time. You cannot leave before 2 hours from the start of the exam. Which reproductive pattern would be associated with a species that is most likely to undergo rapid evolutionary change? (1) asexual reproduction with a short reproductive cycle (2) sexual reproduction with a short reproductive cycle (3) asexual reproduction with a long reproductive cycle (4) sexual reproduction with a long reproductive cycle

Read ALL the Choices Multiple Choice Read the answer choices slowly and carefully. Cross out the answers you know are wrong. On multi-part questions, be sure to note which questions relate to the prompt before the first question in the group. Abiotic factors that affect the growth of grass in a lawn include (1) bacteria and soil (2) earthworms and nutrients (3) moisture and minerals (4) fertilizer and decomposers

Free Response Questions WRITE NEATLY! Answer in complete sentences (or at least complete thoughts). The Regents key specifies words/phrases that are acceptable answers. Do not assume the reader will know what you mean. Be sure to answer the question asked. This is particularly important in questions with a reading passage or lengthy prompt.

Check over your test before you leave the testing room! Make sure you answered all of the questions on all of the pages. Check bubbling of answers on the answer sheet: no blanks, neat X through any answers you wish to change, the bubbles you darkened on your answer sheet match the choice you wanted for each question DO NOT RUSH! You must stay 2 hours. You have 3 hours to take the exam (or more if you get extended time). Can someone who does not know you read your handwriting?

Scientific Method: Dependent / Independent Variables Corn seed germination study testing the effect of fertilizer Which variable is the cause and which one is the effect?

Control Why is it included in all experiments?

Hypothesis Can you form a hypothesis (stated correctly) for an experiment testing the effect of talking to a plant on its growth? NEVER WRITE A HYPOTHESIS AS A QUESTION!

Procedure Remember that a procedure for an experiment must be detailed and listed step-by-step, numerically, working down a page: 1. Calculate resting pulse rate by counting heartbeats in a 30-second interval and multiplying by 2 and record your results. 2. Repeat step 1. 3. Do 30 push-ups. 4. Calculate pulse rate by counting heartbeats in a 30-second interval and multiplying by 2 and once again record your results. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4. 6. Calculate average pulse rate after resting and after doing push-ups and compare.

Graphs Label title and x and y axis with UNITS Can start with a number other than zero in corner – NO BREAKS! Space numbers on axis evenly (like a ruler) Do not connect line to corner unless there is a data point at (0, 0) Do not extend line beyond data points – no arrows Circle data points

Characteristics of Life Respiration – make energy (ATP, Mitochondria) Reproduction- pass on hereditary information. Repair and Growth- increase in size and number. Regulation-Nervous/Endocrine Systems (control and coordination) Transport-Circulatory System (absorption, circulation) Excretion- removal of cellular wastes (water, CO2) Nutrition- obtaining food for growth and repair of cells Synthesis- making something complex out of something simple (building molecules)

Metabolism & Homeostasis Metabolism is the combination of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism. Through chemical reactions, organisms maintain a stable internal environment. This is Homeostasis.

All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms. Cells come from pre-existing cells. All cells are surrounded by a thin membrane, that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell (cell membrane).

The Cell Membrane All cells are surrounded by a thin membrane, that controls the transport of materials in and out of the cell. This helps maintain homeostasis.

Diffusion, active transport, osmosis Which one is which? (Think about high to low or low to high.) Which one requires an energy input?

Diffusion through a membrane How does salt water affect the size of the cell? How does distilled water affect the size of a cell?

Receptor Molecules Certain protein molecules in the cell membrane can receive chemical messages from other cells. Chemical messages can be in the form of Hormones from the Endocrine System, or chemicals from the Nervous System.

Photosynthesis chloroplasts Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air. Too much carbon dioxide will cause the Earth to heat up (the greenhouse effect). chloroplasts Animals can eat the sugar made to use as energy Energy rich organic compounds. All animal life on Earth (including humans) depends on the oxygen produced by photosynthesis.

Respiration occurs continuously in the cells of all organisms. Cellular Respiration Glucose(sugar) is used to produce high energy storage molecules know as ATP. Energy is stored in the bonds of the ATP molecule. This is the energy source for all life processes. Water Oxygen from the environment. Carbon Dioxide Glucose Energy (ATP) Mitochondria Respiration occurs continuously in the cells of all organisms.

Enzymes • Proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions in all organisms. • As with many other molecules, enzymes have a specific shape. This enables them to react with specific molecules.

Enzyme Function The rate at which an can function is affected by… Temperature: Human enzymes function best at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. THAT’S 37 degrees CELSIUS pH: Human enzymes function best at a pH of 7

Mitosis What types of cells multiply this way? How many cells are produced? How do the new cells compare to the original?

Meiosis What types of cells multiply this way? How many cells are produced? How do the new cells compare to the original?

Human organ systems Can you label the names of the main organ systems of the human body? Can you explain what each one does? Do you know the names of the individual organs of each organ system and their specific functions?

Placenta How do substances pass from the mother to the fetus and vice versa?

Homeostasis What is the definition of homeostasis? How is the maintenance of a stable body temperature an example? How is the blood involved with maintaining homeostasis?

Feedback mechanisms List as many examples of feedback mechanisms as you can think of.

How does intense activity affect pulse rate? Pulse rate changes How does intense activity affect pulse rate? Why?

Immune System Antigens The body’s primary defense against disease-causing pathogens. Foreign invaders are identified by molecules on their outer surfaces or membranes. These molecules are called antigens. Special white blood cells make antibodies, that mark the invader for future killing by other cells. Bacteria Antigens

Vaccinations

Diseases: Failure of Homeostasis Disease: A condition that prevents the body from working normally. Causes: Foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. (Pathogens) Even organ transplants Abnormal cells in the body. (Cancer) Poor nutrition Toxic substances Inherited disorders

Genetics The branch of Biology that studies heredity Heredity: From the Latin word hered-, meaning “heir”. Heredity describes the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next.

Chromosomes are made of protein (Histones) & DNA. As you know, chromosomes are contained in the nucleus of every eukaryotic cell. Chromosomes carry the genetic information that is passed from generation to generation. Chromosomes are made of protein (Histones) & DNA. Histones are proteins that act as spools for the DNA.

In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the molecular structure of DNA, that lead to the explanations of how it can replicate, code for protein, and mutate allowing species to have variations on which natural selection can act.

The Structure of DNA Two chains of of nucleotides are connected together at the bases by hydrogen bonds. The structure of DNA is called a double helix. It looks like a twisted ladder.

The subunits of DNA are nucleotides A nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.

This is a chain of 4 nucleotides. The d stands for the sugar, deoxyribose, the P for phosphate and A, C, T and G for the nitrogenous bases, adenine, cytosine thymine and guanine. Note that the backbone of this strand is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules, held together by WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS. Covalent Bonds

deoxyribonucleic acid DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Found in the nucleus of cells. Stores genetic information Contains the complete instructions for manufacturing all the proteins of an organism.

All living things contain DNA. There are 46 chromosomes in one human body cell. There are 23 chromosomes in a human sex cell/ gamete.

The hereditary information (DNA) is organized in the form of genes located in the chromosomes of each cell. The human genome is thought to consist of approximately 20,000 genes, spread out over 46 chromosomes.

The Genetic Code is Universal. The same nucleotides exist in every organism, just in a different order (SEQUENCE).

Having a common ancestor. The closer the order of the base sequence between organisms, the closer the organisms are related in terms of evolution. Having a common ancestor.

DNA Replication Nucleotides floating free in the nucleus are bonded to the nucleotides on the original strand.

Actually manufactures protein (ribosomes) RNA ribonucleic acid Translate the information in DNA to the instructions for making protein. Actually manufactures protein (ribosomes)

The sugar is ribose The sugar is deoxyribose Comparing RNA and DNA RNA DNA Single Strand of nucleotides Double strand of nucleotides The sugar is ribose The sugar is deoxyribose Bases: Bases: Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine Adenine Adenine Uracil Thymine Function: Function: mRNA: Carries DNA message out of nucleus to ribosome (made of rRNA). tRNA carries AA to mRNA strand during protein synthesis. Provides the instructions for making the proteins that make up living things.

Protein Synthesis

Genetic engineering

Selective breeding

Evidence of evolution Can you list the forms of evidence for evolution?

Some traits give organisms an advantage over organisms that lack that trait. Adaptations

Can you summarize each of the following? Variation among offspring Natural selection Can you summarize each of the following? Variation among offspring Overproduction Struggle for survival Survival of the fittest

Differentiation / embryology

The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Ecology The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment.

The Biosphere The region of the Earth that supports all life. Consists of : Air- the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere) Water- 75% of our Planet Land- soil, ground, sand, rocks

The non-living parts of the environment. Biotic Factors: The living part of the environment. Any plant, animal, fungus bacteria & protist. Remember: The prefix Bio, means living. Not Abiotic Factors: The non-living parts of the environment. Water, soil, light, energy and living space, weather, wind, pollution.

The Levels of Organization in Ecology Biosphere: Ecosystem: Community: Population: Organism: Habitat: All ecosystems, from the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountain tops and even the sky. The community and the physical environment. Many populations that interact with each other in one area. All the organisms of one species, in one area, at one time. A living thing. A specific environment for a species.(Their home)

Energy pyramids, food chains, food webs How much energy is passed from one level to the next? What is the original source of energy for all ecosystems?

Relationships in an Ecosystem The Relationships between organisms can be competitive or beneficial. I. Competition: Two or more organisms strive for the same limited resources II. Symbiosis: A relationship between 2 organisms where at least one benefits.

The 3 types of Symbiosis are: A. Mutualism: Both species benefit. Examples: bees & flowers Legumes and Nitrogen fixing bacteria Termites & Protozoa

B. Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Dust mites in your eyebrows Orchids grow on trees Barnacles on whales Bacteria in your intestines.

C. Parasitism:. The parasite benefits while the host is harmed C. Parasitism: The parasite benefits while the host is harmed. (diseases) Heart worms. Fleas Feed on blood

Predation: One organism kills and eats another Predation: One organism kills and eats another. Predator: Kills and eats another organism for food. Prey: Is killed and eaten, “the food” This is a form of natural selection. The weaker or diseased organisms get captured, leaving behind the healthy one to reproduce. Predation may also control overpopulation.

Succession Place the pictures in their proper sequence. What is the last stage known as? Why are pioneer organisms important in primary succession?

How Humans Interact with the Environment There are 6.5 billion people on Earth. This number grows exponentially. This large number of people causes most of the problems on Earth. Limiting factors: food, water, shelter, space.( These will keep numbers from growing- causes competition if limited resources).

Pollution Water: wastes and chemical deposited into our water system, rivers, oceans, lakes. Air: caused by burning fossil fuels, depletes the ozone layer, causes acid rain. Land: dumping of solid wastes. Landfills- no space left, incinerators cause air pollution.

Biomagnification Can you explain what happens during this biological process?

Name 3 reasons biodiversity is so important. What is it? Name 3 reasons biodiversity is so important.

Controlling Pollution Control car emissions- pass tougher laws, give higher fines. Sewage control- pass tougher laws, give higher fines. Recycle- reduce, reuse, recycle Soil conservation- stop deforestation, crop rotation, cover crops. AVOID PESTICIDES!

Major Environmental Issues Global Warming- enhanced greenhouse effect, climate change Ozone Depletion- destruction of the ozone layer, more UV light and mutations/cancers Deforestation- cutting down the rainforest, loss of biodiversity and O2 Loss of Habitat- causes animals to become endangered Endangered Species- leads to extinction if not controlled Misuse of Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources- lack of oil has lead to a renewed interest in finding alternative methods of energy.

Alternate energy sources Name some different forms. Why are they better for the environment? Trade-off - Must give BOTH a benefit and a disadvantage

Resources Renewable Resources- are readily available, they are always going to be present. (Examples- sunlight, water, wind) Non-Renewable Resources- can’t be replaced once they have been depleted or used up. (Examples- fossil fuels, natural gas, minerals)

Metric measurement

Lab techniques

Indicators What is each one used to detect? What color do they turn?

Compound light microscope Can you identify all of the parts? Do you know what each part is used for?

Dichotomous key 1a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 1b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3 2a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug 2b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper 3a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly 3b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….housefly