Societies and Empires of Africa, 800–1500 Idia, first Queen Mother of Benin and of Oba Esigie, king of Benin. Sculpture (16th century), Benin. Empires develop in northern, western, and southern Africa. Trade helps spread Islam and makes some African empires very wealthy.

Bantu Language and Migration Next 4 slides are review from Unit 2…. As the Sahara desert expanded, Bantu people moved south for better farmland and brought their language with them. Bantu is the largest single language today, but only in the South. Arabic is most common in the North.* Bantu

Animism Religion and Culture Many early Africans shared similar religious beliefs and shared common features in the arts as well. Many Africans also practiced form of religion called animism—belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, other natural objects have spirits similar to Shintoism in Japan Animism reflected Africans’ close ties to natural world Many believed that unseen spirits of ancestors stayed near* Animism

North and Central African Societies Hunting-Gathering Societies Hunters and Gatherers • Primarily hunting-gathering groups in these regions. • An older male (Paternal) leads, but each family makes its own decisions • Problems within group are settled by discussion; no written laws This ends the Africa Review… now to the new!* Image

Muslim States North Africa • 630s-ACE, Muslims conquer N. Africa (Golden Age of Islam) • Many Africans convert to Islam • Islamic law brings order to N. Africa – “Standard Arabic” brings written + unified language and law Who else unified people with a common language? Shi-Wandi, Pachacuti, Romans, *

Islamic Influences Islam in East Africa • Muslim merchants spread Islam as they trade on eastern coast West coast of Africa stay more traditional- Animism…. Maps it easier for the Spanish to and Europeans to say they are not “civilized” *MAP

Islamic Influences Islam in East Africa • Muslim merchants spread Islam as they trade on eastern coast Enslavement of Africans • Africans are sold in Arabia, Persia, and India • Trade in slaves fairly small, but steady • Increases drastically in the 1700s WHY? Columbian exchange + Ecomienda system*

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West African Civilizations Empire of Ghana Growing Trade in Ghana- Vid,12 min. Mankind, disc 2, survivors. • In 200s, Berbers begin using camels to cross Sahara for trade • Muslims use word Ghana “chief” to refer to people of that land • By 700, trade is making people rich in the kingdom Ghana • Gold mined in forests South of Sahara; Salt mined from Sahara. Why was salt to valuable??? • Ghana provides protection, taxes trade, and ensures fairness*

Empire of Ghana 800-1235 ACE SECTION 2 No writing system. Traditions and laws are Oral. By 800, Ghana rules an empire and taxes surrounding kings • Only king can own gold nuggets; keeps prices high • King commands army, acts as chief judge and religious leader*

Empire of Mali Rise of Mali SECTION 2 Rise of Mali • By 1235, Ghana replaced by Mali—another kingdom based on gold trade • Mali becomes wealthy as the gold trade routes shift eastward

Empire of Mali King Mansa Musa Expands Mali Story of Mankind disc 2 King Mansa Musa Expands Mali • Some later rulers become Muslim • Most famous ruler is Mansa Musa —rules Mali from 1312–1332 • Mansa Musa was skilled military leader and fair ruler • After returning from the haji, Mansa Musa builds mosques in Timbuktu and Gao Travels of Ibn Battuta • In 1352, Ibn Battuta—Muslim scholar and traveler— visits Mali. He helps open trade,, like Marco Polo. • By 1400, Mali begins to decline* chart*

Audio Cut Mansa Musa

Empire of Songhai last note slide • 1400-1600 Songhai— control gold trade moving farther east Songhai trade with Europeans who need labor workers. They capture and sell smaller tribes to the Europeans. Defeated with Guns *fin

Gold= Wealth and trade Glory God 1453 AD Constantinople Falls. This cuts off Access to goods from Asia.

Was the Age of Exploration positive or negative? What was positive? What was negative?

Go back to Meso slide deck

Posters for review: Mesoamerica- Inca Aztec Mayan African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, Songhai Columbian Exchange Positive aspects of the Age of Exploration Negative Aspects of the Age of Exploration