PERIODIC TABLE Topic 5 Review Book Metals, Non-Metals, & Metalloids; Groups / Families

The Periodic Table

METALS Found on the left side of the Periodic Table Have less than 4 electrons in their valence level Tend to give away (lose) electrons (+ ions)

METALS: Properties Have a luster and are often gray in color. Are malleable – Can be bent or pounded into shape without breaking Are ductile – Can be formed into wire Are good conductors of heat and electricity All solids except Mercury (Hg) Low ionization energy Low electronegativity

Examples of Metals

NON-METALS Found on the right side of the “stair step” line Have more than 4 electrons in their valence level Tend to gain electrons when forming bonds (- ions)

NON-METALS: Properties Have a dull finish Are brittle and powdery Are not ductile Are poor conductors of heat and electricity Solids and gases with one liquid (Bromine) High ionization energy High electronegativity

Examples of Non Metals

METALLOIDS Elements that have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals They are found along the “stair step” line on the Periodic Table

Examples of Metalloids Boron

Groups / Families Groups or families are the vertical columns on the periodic table. These elements have the same number of electrons in their valence levels. They also have many characteristics in common. The group 2 elements; beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, & barium. They are called the Alkali Earth Metals.

Groups / Families Which elements are these? left – magnesium right - calcium What do they have in common? The same number of electrons in their valence levels. In which period and group would you find each one? How do you know?

Alkali Metal Family Each has only one electron in it’s valence level Soft metals that rapidly corrode when exposed to air React violently with water Part of many common salts Group 1 http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=ODf_sPexS2Q https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=eaChisV5uR0

Alkaline Earth Metals Have 2 electrons in their valence level. Highly reactive and corrosive metals. Magnesium is found in abundance in sea water. Calcium is important for bones and teeth. Group 2

Halogens: Group 17 Selected Properties of the Group 7 Halogens Symbol and Name Atomic Number Electron arrangement State and color at room temperature, color of vapor when heated Melting point Boiling point F Fluorine 9 2.7 -220oC, 53K -188oC 85K Cl Chlorine 17 2.8.7 -101oC, 172K  -34oC, 239K Br Bromine 35 2.8.18.7 -7oC, 266K 59oC, 332K I Iodine 53 2.8.18.18.7 114oC, 387K 185oC, 458K At Astatine 85 2.8.18.32.18.7 302oC 575K 337oC 610K black solid, very dark vapour dark red liquid, orange to bromine vapour pale yellow gas green gas very dark grey solid, purple vapour

Groups / Families Group 17 is the Halogen family; fluorine, chlorine, bromine, & iodine. What do all of these elements have in common? Each has 7 electrons in its valence level

Noble or Inert Gases: Group 18 Have full valence levels. Are gases at room temperature. They rarely form compounds. Inert!! Helium is the second most abundant element

Transition Metals “short columns” Form colored ions in solution

Periods Horizontal rows are known as periods Elements in the same period have the same number of principal energy levels containing electrons

Practice Questions Which three groups of the Periodic Table contain the most elements classified as metalloids (semimetals)? a) 1, 2, and 13 b) 2, 13, and 14 c) 14, 15, and 16 d) 16, 17, and 18

Which element has the highest first ionization energy? a) sodium b) aluminum c) calcium d) phosphorus