Man & Environment: Biomedical Development Contributed By: Calista (8) Su Jean (10) Caleb (15) Shang Wen (17)

CONTENTS Different Organ Transplants Living Post- Mortem Bone Marrow Transplant (Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant) Complications of Transplant Benefits to Man Effectiveness of Technology Negative Impacts on the Environment

LIVING TRANSPLANTS Bone marrow Replace damaged bone marrows Can be done by umbilical cord blood transplant Stem cells are taken from baby and stored Kidney* Usually does not endanger the donor or receiver Conducted in the case of kidney failure Liver* Conducted for patients with cancer or liver hardening *Liver and kidney can also be transplanted post-mortem

POST-MORTEM TRANSPLANTS - 1 Heart Conducted when patient has severe coronary artery disease/heart failure Corneas* Conducted when patient's cornea(s) can no longer be healed by medicine Cardiovascular Homograft Conducted when patient has faulty windpipe/ heart valves /blood vessels *Corneas can be also transplanted live Did You Know? The youngest donor of corneas is ten year old Janis Babson!

Post-Mortem TRANSPLANTS - 2 Pancreas* Conducted when patient has diabetes (usually insulin-dependent) INtestines If patient develops life-threatening symptoms from feeding through special drip Rarely done *Pancreas can be transplanted live, though rarely

Post-Mortem Transplants - 3 Lungs Done when patient has exhausted other therapies Cure for diseased lungs Improve /extend lives of patients with respiratory failure Usually fail after 3 to 5 years Skin (Grafting) In the scenario of severe burns/infections causing excessive skin loss Can be taken from animals/patient's skin

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT The bone marrow is a tissue which contains many stem cells The bone marrow being transplanted needs to be suitable for the patient Stem cells are immature cells that can replace blood cells Did You Know? A half suitable bone marrow has successfully been transplanted and has cured leukaemia!

Bone Marrow Transplant METHODS Stem cells from donor's bone marrow replace damaged patient's bone marrow Stem cells are taken after birth and stored till needed Stem cells are transferred to the patient along with chemo/radiotherapy

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT NEEDED TO: Replace damaged bone marrow with part of a healthy functioning bone marrow Regenerate a new immune system that will fight cancers/diseases

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS ON RECIPIENTS Rashes v Vomiting Hair loss Change in skin pigmentation May be rendered infertile Weak immune system - more prone to infections Contraction of cataracts (clouding of lens of eye)

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS ON RECIPIENT Graft versus Host Disease (GVhD) 2 types - Acute and Chronic Acute: immediate side effect Chronic: developed from acute GVhD Caused by donor's cells fighting the host's cells Different severity - From mild to life-threatening Did You Know? GVhD can help to destroy remaining cancer cells!

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS ON DONOR Fatigue Lower back pain Bleeding at collection spot Stiffness when walking Muscle aches Drug risks

BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT BENEFITS Certain cancers, such as leukaemia can be cured Provides a new immune system for patients to better fight diseases Able to cure diseases that affect production of stem cells Able to restore bone marrow damaged by chemotherapy

Technology Higher chance of curing diseases Invention of vaccines ADVANTAGES TO MAN Higher chance of curing diseases Invention of vaccines More flexibility for treatments for patients Machines provide faster treatment

Technology DISADVANTAGES TO MAN Requires high funding Can cause humans to be over-dependent on it and believe that it can cure any illness.

IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT NEGATIVE Technology used requires electricity - burning fossil fuels Life expectancy goes up - Over population *Note: There are no positive impacts on environment (which is saddening)

Conclusion Having bore the negative and positive points of technology in mind, we have come to a conclusion. While technology is ubiquitous and necessary in our daily lives, it can lead to negative consequences if used inappropriately.

Thank You for your kind attention. THE END Thank You for your kind attention. We hope you have learnt something from today's presentation.