MINERALS What are they? Mod.E U.3 L.1

SAME STUFF?

What I think (before) What is a mineral? Are rocks and minerals the same?

The characteristics of a mineral It is natural It is a solid It is inorganic – nonliving It has a regular crystalline structure It has a definite chemical composition.

Humans have always used minerals from the earth: Early artists made their own paints from red and yellow pigments present in soils, the minerals hematite and ochre. Countries and trade companies battled over deposits of table salt, also called halite, in the East Indies.

Drywall, made of gypsum; Cement made out of lime or calcite; Aluminum from the mineral bauxite to make aluminum foil and soda cans. Don’t forget all the jewelry!

Mineral?

Mineral?

Mineral?

Mineral? SnowCrystals.com

All matter is made up of … Atoms Elements Compounds See pR12-13

Matter …. Anything that has mass --amount of matter (grams) And, has volume -amount of space occupied (liters or cm3)

All matter is made up of Atoms – building blocks

Parts of an atom: Center – nucleus - protons and neutrons Surrounded by electrons.

Elements: Have only one type of atom Are pure substances E.g. Gold, oxygen, silicon, copper, etc, See periodic table – list of all elements p R13

Compounds Made up of MOLECULES – 2 or more atoms chemically joined together E.g. water: H2O, carbon dioxide: CO2 Quartz: SiO4 Pure substance(only one type of particle)

Examples Mineral: Silver – pure element Mineral: Silicates – Compound of silicon, carbon and oxygen

CRYSTALS Solid, geometric forms, repeating pattern of atoms Kinds of atoms determine the arrangement The arrangement determine the crystal’s shape Each mineral has a definite crystal structure

Quartz

Halite

Crystals

Crystal Systems Cubic Hexagonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic Rhombohedral

Rocks and Minerals Same or different? Rocks are made of minerals!

ACTIVITY 1 On each Table is an object. Examine each object and determine which ones are minerals using the five questions on page 142-3 of your text. Write your answers neatly in your notebook. Work QUIETLY!

How are Rocks and Minerals formed? Major factors: Temperature, Pressure, & Elements present. From Molten Rock – Magma & Lava e.g. quartz, granite By Metamorphism – e.g. graphite, diamond, From Solution – Hot solutions cool, Precipitation. E.g. Gypsum, Halite, Dolomite, Gold

TYPES OF MINERALS Silicate Minerals – 90% of all minerals Contain silicon and oxygen Non-silicate Minerals – Contain other minerals like carbon, iron, sulfur, etc Copy classes of Nonsilcate Minerals p147

Silicates Contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) in silicate tetrahedron unit: SiO4 "Obtained from www.scienceinthebox.com (P&G website)"

Quartz Quartz (SiO4) - Used to make computer chips. Rarely pure Many varieties: Rose quartz, Smoky quartz, Amethyst, Milky quartz https://geology.com/minerals/

Non-silicates A. Oxides - Contain various types of elements bonded to oxygen (O-2) Corundum (Al2O3) a. One of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Hardness= 9) b. Used as an abrasive c. Contains impurities d. Gem stones include: red=ruby and blue=sapphire - Hematite (Fe2O3) a. Streaks yield reddish color - Magnetite (Fe3O4) - Dark gray, Magnetic

Nonsilicate B. Sulfides -- contain various types of elements bonded to Sulphur (S-2) Pyrite (FeS2) "fool's gold“ a. Gold color, Green streak, Brittle, Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) - Like pyrite, but more yellowish, Contains copper - Galena (PbS) - Greyish color, Very dense Sphalerite (ZnS) (zinc sulfide) - Yellowish-green streak, Powder has "rotten egg" odor

C. Carbonates - Consist of various elements bonded to (CO3)-2 Calcite (CaCO3) effervesces in HCl Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) effervesces in HCl when powdered D. Sulfates Sulfates consist of elements bonded to sulfate group (SO4)-2 - Gypsum (CaSO4)--used in construction

G. Native Elements - Only one element E. Halides - Halides consist of elements bonded to chlorine (Cl-) or flourine (F-) Halite (NaCl) Common table salt Known as "rock salt," used to soften hard water Flourite (CaF2) (Calcium flouride)--used in manufacture of toothpaste F. Phosphates - Consist of elements bonded to a phosphate group (PO4)-3 Apatite (Ca5(F,Cl,OH)PO4)3--what teeth are made of G. Native Elements - Only one element gold(Au), copper(Cu), silver(Ag), sulphur(S), diamond and graphite(C),

Mineraloids Are similar to minerals, but have no crystalline structure Examples: Obsidian, limonite, flint, opal

Mining Minerals Mining – Extracting minerals from the earth Ore – Raw material containing mineral

2 Main Ways Minerals are Mined. 1. Surface Mining – Open pit

2. Underground mining

Resources: http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/rocks.html www.minerals.net https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals http://www.galleries.com/default.htm