Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine THALAMUS The thalamus is the gatekeeper and stops signals from the body/brain from going to the cerebral cortex Also starts the slow brain waves (delta waves) found in deep sleep Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine Makes up much of the core of the brain stem Damage to this area can cause coma Very complex functions that help integrate the brain Plays a central role in consciousness Damage to this area can lead to coma or death A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down THALAMUS 2) RETICULAR FORMATION Produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep Makes up much of the core of the brain stem Damage to this area can cause a coma or death Plays a central role in consciousness A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down THALAMUS RETICULAR FORMATION A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something 3) PONS Pons has very special set of neurons which are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Involved with paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem to shut down muscle movement Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down THALAMUS RETICULAR FORMATION A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something PONS Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down 4) PINEAL GLAND where the hormone melatonin is produced Melatonin helps regulate the circadian clock melatonin is stimulated by darkness Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something THALAMUS 5) AMYGDALA The emotion centre which is active during dreaming studies have shown that when we don’t get enough sleep, we have a harder time judging the neutrality of something and become overly emotional RETICULAR FORMATION PONS Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down PINEAL GLAND Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something THALAMUS 6) HIPPOCAMPUS - Memory region of the brain which is active during dreaming RETICULAR FORMATION AMYGDALA PONS Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down PINEAL GLAND Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down 7) HYPOTHALAMUS - contains suprachiasmatic nucleus which maintains the circadian clock - Also contains the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VRLO) which releases neurotransmitters that inhibit wakefulness A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something THALAMUS RETICULAR FORMATION HIPPOCAMPUS AMYGDALA PONS Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus http://www.howsleepworks.com/how_neurological.html The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out. Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down PINEAL GLAND Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters