Governance: Local Administration and Development An Overview of Governance Concepts

Discussion Note: Each week Be Prepared to Discuss one Item in the Discussion Section of the Readings

Assessment

Governance Issues Nature of the Debate: Three Tracks- all link up to Governance and Democracy Debate Governance Civil Society Local Government

Governance, and the Local State Sovereignty Authority to Govern (Ostrom) Presumption of Independence A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law

But? Haiti Earthquake, January 12, 2010

Sovereignty vs. Globalization Transnational Governance Systems Haiti: 2,000 civilian and 9,000 military forces (International Forces)- To Deal with an Earthquake Transnational Governance or the New Imperial Model

UN Blue Hats

Overview The Governance Concept: Issues 1. Sovereignty- Legal Autonomy (International Law- Defined by Diplomacy) 2. Democracy vs. Governance (Institutions) VIDEO

Governance and Sovereignty A Renewed Interest- Transition "[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“* *Bruce Parrott in in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds., The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Terms (Redux) Nation vs. State Norway (5 million) vs. Ibo (27 million) (tribe?) State- sovereign, with history Government vs. Governance Process: elections, selections decisions Vs. Organizational Components (Legislative, Executive and Judicial)

Transitional vs. Developing Society Governance- Transitional vs. Developing states- There was (1991) a discovery of “new” problems in Eastern Europe, Caucusus and Central Asia with the END OF THE COLD WAR Janine Wedel Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989-1998. (New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's, 1998) Issue: Fragile vs. Collapsed States

Fragile and Collapsed States Cambodia Haiti Somalia Chad Southern Sudan Mini-Discussion: What is the Difference?

Governance: The Cultural Dimension The Issue: Is there a “Clash of Cultures?” Roman Catholic Orthodox Islam Issue of the Week: Samuel P. Huntingon’s idea- See debates in Harrison and Huntington & Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts

Samuel P. Huntington (April 18, 1927–December 24, 2008)

Governance: an Overview of Issues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development Governance Revisited: Processes Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Regime Change

Regime Change

Hierarchy of Authority

Governance Issues: Grass Roots or Micro-Level Need to Focus on Local Government (not Local State) Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

Local Government Financial Allocation

Governance Issues Civil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs) Relationship to Democracy (Anglo-Saxon vs. Continental) Individual (Rule of Law) vs. Collective (Corporatist) view

The Rivalry and the World

Democracy The Nature of the Debate

Robert A. Dahl 1915-2014 Dahl argues that democratic societies are pluralistic and competitive and that there are many different elites involved, who have to work both in contention and in compromise with one another.

Types of Democracy Direct Democracy- Botswana Kgotla “Panchayat in India” Town hall or village model Types of Democracy Direct Democracy- Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations

Direct Democracy: The Mob Mass Involvement or People’s Democracy

Types of Democracy: Terms Indirect Democracy-Representation Some form of representative democracy Existence of various diverse interest associations and groups within society

Indirect? Democratic?

Polyarchy Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues Competitive Pluralism Civil Society

Types of Democracy, cont. Cooperative Movements (or Social Corporatism) Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy Authoritarian (Mussolini’s Italy) Military (Peron’s Argentina) Social (Scandinavia)

Corporatism

Democracy: What is it? “It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

Elinor and Vincent Ostrom

Democracy Limited Institutionalized Non-Zero Sum (Win Win)

The Zero Sum Game

Democracy: What is it? The Cynic Revised “The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.“- Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

James Madison and Democracy The Eighteenth Century Cynic The problem with majorities 2. Tyranny 3. Factions

Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy Problem with Populism Mob Justice (Fear of French Revolution) Lack of Minority rights Shifting majorities and tolerance Problem with Plebiscites Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

Leninism and the Mob

Governance Failure and Sovereignty Rules of the Game politics: Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics "Splintering” Break up of states--centrifugal forces Goal: Interest Group Liberalism (Tolerance of Groups) Civil Society as organizational Not the individual or the mass

The Greek Civil War

Governance and Sovereignty The need for apathy? Constitutional vs. Social stability Institutional structures: Checks and balances The Institutional State What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

Polish Constitution, May 3rd 1791

Final Issue: Human Rights

Civil Society And Human Rights First vs. Second vs. Third generation Definition: Discuss Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests "Beyond the family but short of the state”- Hegal "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”- Political- Social- Economic

Human Rights- The Debate First Level- Individual- speech, religion, association Second Level- health, education, welfare Third Level- employment and economic security

Civil Society Groups- Ideal Types

Civil Society Organizations 1. NGOs, CBOs, PVOs (Clark- Democratizing Development) 2. Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality) 3. Nationalist Groups- role of ethnicity, religion and class 4. Privatization- Why not “for profits?” 5. Corporatism vs. clientelism- The Organic nature of society (Vincent Ostrom)- Corporatism vs. establishing rule of law Social Criticism in Pakistan VIDEO

Break Ten Minutes

Decentralization: An Overview The Local Governance Debate Bangladesh

Decentralized Governance: Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units Principle used by European Union

European Union Poster

What Local Government Does Services- Depend Upon: Fiscal/budget allocation Taxes and transfers Planning Strategic priorities Managing Implementing (water, sanitation, roads, etc)

The Development vs. Governance Debate States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management." Milton Esman (born in 1917 (Cornell)

Local Government and the Local State Local State vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution Urban vs. Rural Urban linked with Rural

Evolving Devolution

State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Weak Strong SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE State-mezzo Weak Strong Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State Civil Society - Micro Weak Strong Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Sharpeville Massacre- Predatory State(21 March, 1961)

Uncivil Society VIDEO

The Primary Unit of Government Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats English/American Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban) Continental European Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

Denmark Communes

Decentralization and Local Government: Models Devolution- Political Deconcentration- Administrative Delegation- Public Organizations Privatization- Contracting Out

Deconcentration

Delegation City Water Supply System

Government as Client

Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated Prefectoral unintegrated

Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Council Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

Agricultural Extension-Laos

Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor District Office Council/Chief Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

French Prefect Jura Region Aissa Dermouche

Colonial District Commissioner (Prefect)

Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Police District Office Police Council/ Chief Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

Control Systems VIDEO

Background Discussion Discussion One: What is unique about Governance in different parts of the world? Discussion Two: Limited Government- What is it? Why do States Fail? Discussion Three: Command Economy? Is it Dead?