Development Policy and Management PIA 2501 Week Seven Local Administration and Development: Democracy, Decentralization and the Myth of the Grassroots

Reminder: Five Development Themes Development Theory Development Planning and Management Governance, Local Government and Civil Society Human Resource Development Donors and Development

Local Government and Civil Society Theme Three Governance, Local Government and Civil Society

Development Policy and Management WEEK SIX PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management WEEK SIX

Carlos Fuentes and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

John Rapley: University of the West Indies Mona

Discussion This Week Sue Ellen Charlton, Women in Third World Development, Chapters 1-2 Carlos Fuentes, “The Cost of Living” (November 11, 1928 – May 15, 2012) Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, “The Interview” (7 May 1927 – 3 April 2013)

Who are the Primary authors? Paul A. Haslam, Jessica Schafer and Pierre Beaudet Introduction to International Development: Approaches Actors and Issues (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009). Paul A. Haslam, University of Ottawa

Both from the University of Ottawa Pierre Beaudet  Jessica Schafer

Terry Buss, Director Carnegie Mellon Heinz School in Australia

The Socialist, 1967

The Middle View: 2013 The Moderate Interpretation of Development Management Failures Goal: Realistic Decision-Making based on sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) “Mixed Scanning” Balance Public-Private Partnerships

Neo-Orthodoxy Development management- development programs are “bad” Can’t make planning better Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization Market Currencies, Free Trade and Small Government

Structural Adjustment Policies 1985-2001 plus…. The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to stabilize currency and markets (getting the prices right) Promote Free Trade Need to refocus role of state from development to law and order and deregulation Address the problem of Debt and Structural Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)

New Emphasis After 1983 Failure of the Central State NGOs, Private Sector and Civil Society Democracy, Governance and Local Government

Three Issues I. Governance II. Local Government III. Civil Society

I. Governance Democracy Video

Governance

Governance and the State Sovereignty Authority to Govern (Ostrom) Presumption of “Independence” A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law "States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management." Milton Esman

International Criminal Court

The Shift in Development Priorities Three Post-September 11 Issues: Governance NGOs and Civil Society Human Resource Development

Where is Governance?

Governance: an Overview of Issues Focus of International Development: Post-2001: “Democracy and Governance” Human Rights (First Generation-Political) But not second (social) or third (economic)

Terms Basic Terms: 1. The Environment of Development 2. Governance-Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown 3. Rule of Law

Governance and Sovereignty "[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“ - Anonymous

Sovereignty: What Does it Mean?

Governance and Sovereignty Rules of the Game politics: Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics "Splintering” Break up of states--centrifugal forces Interest Group Liberalism: The goal? Civil Society as organizational Not the individual or the mass

The Nature of Conflict

Governance and Sovereignty The need for apathy? Constitutional vs. Social stability Institutional structures: Checks and balances The Institutional State What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

Governance and Democracy Three Views

Types of Democracy: Terms Direct Democracy Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations Town hall or village model

New England Town Hall

Types of Democracy, Continued Indirect Democracy Some form of representative democracy Pluralism Existence of various diverse interest associations, individuals and groups within society (Focus on Tolerance)

Nepal Poster

Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy Problem with Populism Mob Justice Minority rights Shifting majorities Problem with Plebiscites Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

James Madison and Democracy: The Warning The problem with majorities Tyranny Factions

Democracy: What is it? "It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

Vincent Ostrom, Tej Kumari Mahat and Elinor Ostrom

Types of Democracy, cont. Polyarchy Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues (Structured Pluralism) Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism) Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy (Scandinavia)

Robert Dahl (Yale University Born 1915) and Polyarchy

Democracy: What is it? “The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.” Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

Peter L. Berger (Born March 17, 1929, Boston University) Central to Peter Berger's work is the relationship between society and the individual

Review: Governance and the Rule of Law Albie Sachs VIDEO

Ten Minute Break

II. Local Government- Focus on Local Administration and Development Myths of the Grass Roots

Governance Issues- Continued Local Government Defined: Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

What Local Government Does

CLGF Pacific Local Government Capacity Building Project

What Local Government Does? Services: local roads, sanitation, water, basic health, primary education Depend Upon: Skilled Personnel Fiscal/budget allocation Taxes and transfers Planning Strategic priorities Managing Implementing

Local Government and Development: The Goal Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics: myths of participation

Decentralized Governance Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units Not always about democracy

Reinventing Government?

Decentralization and Local Government: Models Devolution- Political Deconcentration- administrative Delegation- autonomous control Privatization- private or non-profit sector

Local Government and the Local State Local State (Local level national authority) vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution Urban vs. Rural Urban linked with Rural

The Primary Unit of Government Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats English/American Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban) Continental European Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

Swedish Local Government Organizations

Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated Prefectoral unintegrated

French Prefect

Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor District Office Council/Chief Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Police District Office Police Council/ Chief Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works Agriculture Education Labor Council Public Works Office District Ag. Office District Ed. Office District Labor Office

III. Civil Society and Governance Civil Society: Definition Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Weak Strong SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE State-mezzo Weak Strong Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State Civil Society - Micro Weak Strong Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The Principle

The Goal Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie Bottom up and interactive Village development committees vs. local planning officers Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

Potential Development Themes Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement. At the Grassroots

Civil Society Definition: "Beyond the family but short of the state” Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests "Beyond the family but short of the state” - Hegal "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship” - First vs. Second and Third generation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Governance Themes Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories Samuel Huntington Monte Palmer Jorge Luis Borges V.S. Naipaul Michela Wrong

Planning Themes-Authors Planning vs. Implementation- The Limits of Governance Jeffery Pressman (and Wildavsky)- Local Government Naomi Caiden (and Wildavsky)- Planning vs. Budgeting

Development Themes II. Gender and Development- A Democracy and Governance issue Isabel Allende Sue Ellen Charlton Kathleen Staudt

And Satire is Important Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy

The Odd Couple: V.S. Naipaul and Paul Theroux Naipaul, Born, August 17, 1932 in Trinidad. Theroux, Born April 10, 1941 in Medford Mass.

Samuel P. Huntington, (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) Harvard University

This Weeks Books V.S. Naipaul, A Bend in the River Paul Theroux, The Mosquito Coast Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilization

Next Week’s Readings Picard, Socialism and the Field Administrator” Susan George, “A Fate Worse than Debt” Chapters 1 and 2

Next Week’s Books Deborah Scroggins, Emma’s War Janine Wedel, Collision and Collusion