England’s Management of the 13 Colonies Before 1763 Unit 1, notes 4 England’s Management of the 13 Colonies Before 1763

Warm Up How would this new American identity, influenced by the Enlightenment and traditional English law, impact the relationship between England and its 13 colonies?

Objectives • I can explain the causes and effects of England’s policy of salutary neglect in managing the 13 colonies before 1763. • I can explain why the Albany Plan of Union failed. • I can explain how the French and Indian War forced England to change its policy of salutary neglect.

Key Vocabulary Salutary neglect (self government) Navigation Acts (mercantilism, salutary neglect) Mercantilism (conflict) French and Indian War (conflict, direct taxation) Albany Plan of Union (centralized government)

Colonial Government Structure King/Queen Board of Trade Royal Governor Council Assemblies Parliament Assemblies were the only group American colonists got to elect.

England’s Economic Relationship with the 13 Colonies Mercantilism: in order to build economic strength, a nation must export more than it imports.

How Mercantilism Works To achieve this favorable balance of trade, the English passed trade laws, called Navigation Acts, exclusively benefiting the British economy. These laws created a triangular trade system whereby Americans provided raw goods to Britain, and Britain used the raw goods to produce manufactured goods that were sold in European markets and back to the colonies.

Triangle Trade

Navigation Acts •Only English ships could carry cargo between imperial ports. •Certain goods, including tobacco, rice, and furs, could not be shipped to foreign nations except through England. •Americans could not compete with English manufacturers in large-scale manufacturing.

Salutary Neglect England developed a policy of salutary neglect toward the colonies, which meant that the trade laws that most hurt the colonial economy were not enforced. Threatened by the presence of the French in North America, British officials knew that at some point they would have to clash with the French over the domination of the continent, and they needed the colonists to support them when that time came.

“The Great War for Empire” The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

North America in 1750

Causes Conflict over Ohio River Valley Land -Fur Trade -England/France/ Native Americans

Fur trade

Fur trade

French and Indian War British and Americans and Native Americans Vs. France and Native Americans **Native American tribes exploited the conflict and chose sides carefully

Effects of the French and Indian War

1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin 1st attempt to unite all 13 colonies under one centralized government Albany Congress  failed due to Americans’ fears of having a centralized government

Albany plan of union

Effects: 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

North America in 1750

North America in 1763

Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of Fighting: Indian-style guerilla tactics. March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: Col. militias served under own captains. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: No mil. deference or protocols observed. Drills & tough discipline. Finances: Resistance to rising taxes. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: Casual, non-professionals. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.