ENE 325 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Lecture 10 Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equations
Review Magnetic boundary conditions Bn1 = Bn2 and Inductance and mutual inductance self inductance L is defined as the ratio of flux linkage to the current generating the flux, henrys or Wb/A. mutual inductance M , where M12 = M21.
Time-Varying fields and Maxwell’s equations Concept The electric field E is produced by the change in the magnetic field B. The magnetic field B is produced by the change in the electric field E.
Faraday’s law V where emf = electromotive force that may establish a current in a suitable closed circuit and is a voltage that arises from conductors moving in static or changing magnetic fields. is arisen from 1. the change of flux in a closed path 2. the moving closed path in a stationary magnetic field 3. both 1 and 2 For the N number of loops, v.
emf in the closed loop is not zero a) direction of the induced current b) emf
Changing flux in a stationary path (transformer emf) From apply Stokes’ theorem, So we have 1st Maxwell’s equation
Transformer To transform AC voltages and currents between a pair of windings in magnetic circuits With Faraday’s law, we have Since the term is the same for both voltages, so we get
Ex1 Assume , prove the 1st Maxwell’s equation.
Changing flux in a moving closed path (1) a conductor moves in a uniform magnetic field. The sign of emf determines the direction of the induced current.
Changing flux in a moving closed path (2) Examine in a different point of view So we get V.
Changing flux in a moving closed path (3) Combing both effects yields
Ex2 Let mT, find flux passing through the surface z = 0, 0 < x < 20 m, and 0 < y < 3 m at t = 1 S. b) value of closed line integral around the surface specified above at t = 1 S.
Ex3 A moving conductor is located on the conducting rail as shown at time t = 0, a) find emf when the conductor is at rest at x = 0.05 m and T.
b) find emf when the conductor is moving with the speed m/s.
Displacement current (1) The next Maxwell’s equation can be found in terms of time-changing electric field From a steady magnetic field, From the equation of continuity, therefore this is impossible!
Displacement current (2) Another term must be added to make the equation valid. 2nd Maxwell’s equation In a non-conductive medium,
Displacement current (3) We can show the displacement current as The more general Ampere’s circuital law:
Where is the displacement current from? Consider a simple current loop, let emf = Vocost
Ex4 Determine the magnitude of for the following situations: in the air near the antenna that radiates V/m.
b) a pair of 100 cm2 area plates separated by a 1 b) a pair of 100 cm2 area plates separated by a 1.0 mm thick layer of lossy dielectric characterized by r = 50 and = 1.010-4 S/m given the voltage across plates V(t) = 1.0cos(2103t) V.