Biochemistry - Macromolecules The molecules that make up and run your body

4 Types of Macromolecules

Macromolecules ALL of these Macromolecules are Organic molecules What does that mean? It means they have carbon in the presence of hydrogen

Macromolecules Macromolecules are constructed of smaller units called POLYMERS Polymers are subdivided into their basic units called MONOMERS.

Making & Breaking of Polymers Dehydration Synthesis – the making of a polymer by removing water. Anabolic process because it is building Hydrolysis – the breaking apart of a polymer by adding water Catabolic process because it is splitting

Dehydration Synthesis Example: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Hydrolysis Example: Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (just reverse dehydration synthesis)

Carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons Carbon can bond to Carbon forms strong covalent bonding with many other elements Carbon can bond to Carbon

CARBOHYDRATES Elements - CHO

Name 4 Foods containing Carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides Single (simple)sugars Monomer of Carbs Supply immediate energy Examples: glucose Fructose Ribose deoxyribose

Monosaccharides Single Sugars

Disaccharides Double Sugars Polymer of Carbs Quick source of energy Formed by dehydration synthesis Examples: Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Disaccharides Examples: Sucrose – glucose + fructose Maltose Lactose NOTICE: Mono & Disaccharides end in the suffix -ose

Polysaccharides Many sugars Function as structural or storage molecules Examples: Storage Starch—Plants Glycogen—Animals Structural Cellulose—Plants Chitin-fungi, insects

Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide

F Y I Cellulose Primarily found in cell walls of plants Must be broken down into glucose before cells can use it for energy Cows, termites, and roaches have microbes in their digestive tracts that do this for them WE DON’T – that is why we can’t graze on grass for lunch!! However, we do need cellulose although we just call it FIBER in our diet: It scrubs out our intestines!

In charge of all your body functions PROTEINS In charge of all your body functions

Proteins Elements: CHON Examples: Antibodies, hemoglobin, ENZYMES Monomers: Amino Acids Functions: Control rates of reactions Used to form bones and muscles Transport substances Help fight disease Can be denatured by excesses in temperature & pH

20 main amino acids make up all of the proteins we need!!

Peptide Bonds

Structural Proteins

Types of Proteins Structural Proteins Support & Strengthen Elastin Ligaments & skin Collagen Skin, ligaments, tendons Keratin Hair, skin, & nails Functional Proteins Role in Biological Process Hemoglobin Carries O2 in blood Insulin Regulates blood glucose Antibodies & Antigens Fight infection Enzymes Regulate biochemical reactions

Functional Proteins Depend on their structure to do their jobs.

Enzymes

Enzyme action Enzymes can act as a catalyst A molecule that lowers ACTIVATION ENERGY This can increase a reaction’s speed (rate) up to 1010 times!! The enzyme is not changed at all by the chemical reaction so can be reused over and over

Enzyme Specificity Substrate: the molecule that is affected by the enzyme Active site: place on the enzyme where the reaction occurs ONE ENZYME ACTS ON ONLY ONE SUBSTRATE: VERY SPECIFIC ! Amylase breaks down amylose Lactase breaks down lactose

Enzyme Action Lock and key fit: active site and substrate fit exactly Induced fit: active site can adjust to “wrap around” substrate to get optimum fit Enzyme Action Video Clip

Cell Membrane Proteins

Protein Denaturation STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION Active site must be the correct shape for the substrate H-bonds hold these proteins together in their correct shape

Protein Denaturation Extremes (too high or too low) in TEMPERATURE and pH can disrupt the H-bonds causing the active site to be destroyed. Then the enzyme CANNOT do its function!

Organic compounds containing CHO(P) LIPIDS Organic compounds containing CHO(P)

Lipids Elements: CHO(P) Monomer: glycerol + fatty acids Examples: Steroids Fats Phospholipids

Lipids Functions: Neutral fats – long term energy storage; Insulation & cushioning Steroids (hormones) – chemical messengers Phospholipids - Makes up cell membranes

Neutral Fats: triglyceride

Phospholipid Bilayer

Steroids Monomers are carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated WRITE THESE FACTS IN THE CHART ON YOUR NOTES Saturated Fats – SINGLE BONDS, straight, pack closely together SOLID at room temp. ANIMAL FATS

Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated WRITE THESE FACTS IN THE CHART ON YOUR NOTES Unsaturated Fats – DOUBLE BONDS, Bent, can’t pack closely together LIQUID at room temp PLANT FATS

NUCLEIC ACIDS GENETIC MATERIAL

DNA & RNA

Nucleic Acids Elements: CHONP Monomers = nucleotides Found in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Functions: Store and transmit genetic information. DNA Bases: A,T,C,G RNA Bases: A,U,C,G

DNA CHART INFO Cellular site = nucleus Function = Directs protein synthesis (contains all the instructions) Sugar = deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases = A T C G Structure = double helix

RNA CHART INFO Cellular site = in & out of nucleus (can travel) Function = Carries out protein synthesis (makes it happen) Sugar = ribose Nitrogenous bases = A U C G Structure = single strand