MACROMOLECULES You are what you eat! SWBAT define macromolecule and name the four biological macromolecules found in all living organisms SWBAT identify the monomers that compose each of the major macromolecules SWBAT describe the main functions of each of the macromolecules

Organic Molecules What makes something organic? Organic molecules contain carbon All the macromolecules we will study are organic!

Organic Substances of the Body - Overview Organic Compound Elements Building Blocks Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Simple sugars (monosaccharides) Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Amino Acids Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nucleotides

Why are Carbs Important? Short Term Energy Storage!! Simple sugars are probably the largest source of cellular energy

Carbohydrates Specific Names: Monosaccharides (1 unit) Disaccharides (2 units) Polysaccharides (3+ units)

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides Monomer = Monosaccharides Ex: Glucose – main fuel source for cell work (plants make this for energy!) Fructose – fruits; sweetest Galactose – milk All isomers - C6H12O6 fructose galactose glucose

Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides bound together by dehydration synthesis Example: Maltose (seeds)  glucose + glucose Sucrose (table sugar)  glucose + fructose Lactose  glucose + galactose Molecule of Maltose sugar

Polysaccharide Polysaccharides – long chains (3+) of monosaccharides Complex carbohydrates Glycogen – how animals store sugar Starch – how plants store sugar Cellulose – structural support for plants; found in cell walls

Four train cars = a polymer One train car = monomer Four train cars = a polymer

CARBOHYDRATE Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide Carb Recap! CARBOHYDRATE Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide BIG SMALL

Proteins Monomer = Amino Acids Each amino acid is made of: A Carbon, Hydrogen, Carboxyl group, Amino group and an “R group” 20 Amino Acids total exist Made from different combo’s of the R group Of these 20… 11 are made within your body 9 must be acquired through our diet!

Peptide Bonds AA’s connected by peptide (covalent) bonds via dehydration Peptide bond - the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide

2 A.A’s = Dipeptide 3+ A.A’s = Polypeptide 1000 A.A’s = PROTEIN! Polypeptide – many AA in a linear form Protein – a highly structured connection of polypeptides

Proteins - Functions Proteins carry out a wide range of functions in the body: Collagen & keratin are structural proteins. Collagen holds the tissues together throughout the body and strengthens ligaments and tendons. Keratin is a protein that toughens and waterproofs the skin. The proteins actin and myosin permit our muscles to contract. Hemoglobin is a blood protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Antibodies are proteins in the blood and body fluids that help to fight infections. Enzymes are a special class of proteins that assist other chemicals to react with each other. These reactions are the basis of all life chemistry.

PROTEIN Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino Acid PROTEIN Recap! PROTEIN Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino Acid BIG SMALL

Think of our jolly rancher water vs. saliva experiment!!! What is a Catalyst? A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Think of our jolly rancher water vs. saliva experiment!!!

What are Enzymes? Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things Involved in almost every process, including: Breaking down food (Amylase  starch) Destroying pathogens Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars  this rxn occurs almost 1 million times faster than it could without amylase

How do Enzymes work? Enzymes shape only allows specific reactants to bind These reactants are called substrates Ex: Amylase only breaks down starch  Amylase is the enzyme and starch is the substrate Substrate temporarily bind to enzyme at a specific place called the active site

How do Enzymes work? Lock & Key Analogy: Lock = Enzyme Key = Substrate This is why if the shape of an enzyme changes, the enzyme may not work at all! NOTE: Enzymes NEVER CHANGE SHAPE

Enzyme Overview Help us by: Breaking down food (metabolism) in our mouths, digestive tracks, etc. Putting together proteins Overall immune system (kills pathogens)

Denaturation We call this denaturation Enzymes are destroyed by: Changes in pH Changes in temperature We call this denaturation If the structure denatures, the enzyme will no longer work properly enzymes change their shape (denature)

Lipids Consist of non-polar covalent bonds No specific monomer Hydrophobic (oil-water) No specific monomer Base unit: Glycerol head Fatty Acid tails/chains Smaller than true polymers Not all made of the same repeating units

Types of Lipids Triglyceride 3 FA’s bonded to a glycerol head molecule Another name for common “fat” Glycerol Triglyceride

Types of Triglycerides Unsaturated Fat FA chains with double bonds Harder for body to break down, but more useful Liquid at room temp Causes kinks in chains Most PLANT fats; ex. Vegetable Oil Saturated Fat FA chain that has all single bonds Easier for body to break down, but not as useful Solid at room temp Straight FA chains Most ANIMAL fats; ex. Butter

Types of Lipids Steroids Composed of 4 fused Carbon rings Ex. Hormones, sex hormones, and cholesterol

Types of Lipids Phospholipids Composed of 2 F.A. chains, a glycerol head, and a phosphate group Make up the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane Hydrophilic head (glycerol) Hydrophobic tails (FA chains)

Function of Lipids Long-term energy storage Insulation Protection (membranes)

Nucleic Acids Monomer = Nucleotides Made up of: Phosphate 5-Carbon Sugar DNA – Deoxyribose RNA – Ribose sugar Nitrogen Base A,C,T,G

Nucleic Acids Examples: ATP DNA RNA Adenosine Triphosphate Made of THREE Phosphate bonds! Main supply of energy within our cells! DNA RNA

Function of Nucleic Acids Stores genetic information Gene – specific piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein Provides are cells with energy ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)