Topic 2. Methodology of geographical investigations in tourism 2.1. The essence of tourism potential 2.2. Methods of gathering the geographical information 2.3. Methodical approaches to complex estimation of tourism potential of the territory 2.4. The cartographic methods and its form for use in geography of tourism.

2.1. The essence of tourism potential Tourism potential is a general definition, that includes several determinants, that define a tourism attractiveness of the territory. Tourism potential is a set of measures and facilities for the tourism development in the region, in other words, territory tourism potential is a set of resources.

Determinants of the territory tourism potential Nature and resource potential Historical and cultural potential Infrastructure potential Informational potential Financial potential Investment potential Management potential Social potential Professional and human potential Economical potential Resource potential

2.2. Methods of gathering the geographical information Methods of observation Comparative methods Statistical methods Cartographic methods Modeling methods Genetic methods Geophysical methods Remote methods Expedition methods Aerospace methods

2.3. Methodical approaches to complex assessment of tourism potential of the territory Assessment of tourist resources is a procedure that determines the quality of a particular recreational object in accordance with the method of its use to meet the needs of society, industry, institution or recreation - that is, subjects of recreation of different rank. The object of assessment is the relationship between the object and the subject of evaluation. The evaluation is characterized by multicriteria, ambiguity, historicism, hierarchy and subjective-object character.

Factors, that influence on complex estimation of the territory relief, soils, resources, agricultural lands, minerals, forests etc. Nature conditions and resources hotel fund, system of cultural and household services, engineering and transport infrastructure etc. Current state of economic development population, workplaces, places of short-term rest Social accommodation conditions level of pollution of the air basin, water horizons, soil contamination, presence of electromagnetic waves, noise, radiation pollution Environmental conditions the availability of reserves, monuments of architecture and urban planning, archeology, history, nature, culture Architectural and aesthetic conditions

The main stages of the ballroom assessment of tourism resources: 6. Analysis of the results. 5. Getting general integral estimates. 4. Getting partial estimates. 3. Development of scales for indicators. 2. Selection of indicators that are taken into account in the assessment. Subjective requirements -- indicators 1. Determine the purpose and objectives of the investigation The object and subject of assessment, Its ranks

Types of assessment of recreational resources Medical and biological assessment reflects the influence of natural factors on the human body; The object of assessment is the climate resources that affect the health and well-being of a person. Technological assessment determination of link of the natural environment and human for recreational activities; the object of assessment is the suitability of the territory for a certain type of recreational activities and the possibility of its engineering and construction development. Psychological and aesthetic assessment is determined the emotional effect of the natural landscape or its components, sometimes separate historical and cultural objects, on human.

Elements of tourism maps 2. 4. The cartographic methods and its form for use in geography of tourism. Elements of tourism maps General geographic elements Degree of grid, relief, water supply system, vegetation, settlements, routes of communication, boundaries of administrative-territorial units Objects of tourism Architectural and historical-cultural monuments, objects of pilgrimage, nature reserves, national parks, and other ecotourism objects, theaters, museums, sports infrastructure, etc. Objects of tourism infrastructure recreational and tourism centers, enterprises of the gastronomic industry and the entertainment industry, tourist routes and ecotourist trails, ski trails and rental points for tourist equipment, places for picnics, tourist information centers, etc.

Objects of tourist maps Tourist information focuses predominately on the groups of objects representing: communication lines (airports, roads, transport infrastructure); tourist service (hotels, motels, restaurants, post offices, banks, etc.); official buildings, international organizations; notable places, cultural and education centers (monuments, museums, theatres, parks, exhibitions, etc.). Tourist information presented by various producers on modern maps and in atlases of different countries and regions is uniform enough. It focuses, as a rule, on the groups of objects representing: communication lines (airports, roads, transport infrastructure); tourist service (hotels, motels, restaurants, post offices, banks, etc.); official buildings, international organizations; notable places, cultural and education centers (monuments, museums, theatres, parks, exhibitions, etc.), without any systematization or strict approaches to their depicting. Distinctions in map contents are seen only due to the level of the development of the general territory infrastructure, that of the knowledge and popularity of objects of cultural and historical heritage, other places of interest, special features of particular tourism kinds connected with natural and national regional peculiarities.

Classification of tourist maps A classification of tourism maps can become a methodological basis for their design, GIS creation, and the system formation of corresponding spatial data. Let us consider an option classification offered by the several authors

Classification of tourist maps Types of tourist maps Overview maps Covering geographical areas, tourism and recreational system and administrative units Tourist plans of cities Schemes of city sightseeing objects (museums, hotels, restaurants, etc.)) Route mappings Territories along the tourist routes (pedestrian, auto, bicycle, speleo, etc.))

A classification of tourism maps can become a methodological basis for their design, GIS creation, and the system formation of corresponding spatial data. Let us consider an option classification offered (Table 1). While working out our classification we assumed the tourist map to be a geographic map intended for the purposes of tourism. In turn, tourism [French tourisme from tour – a walk, a travel] is considered as an organized or independent (backpacking) travel across the native country (internal tourism) or in foreign countries (international tourism), made on holidays with information purposes and also of sports character. The first step of the classification offered shows the levels of mapping, i.e. maps of various scales (or ranges of scales), representing territories of different spatial coverage; these maps have a uniformity of approaches to designing, a common directivity and measure of information selection. In maps for tourism, we should point out world maps, continent maps, maps of countries, administrative or geographical regions, cities, separate kinds of tourist objects (like natural and architectural ensembles, national parks, etc.).

Classification of tourist maps Tourist proper maps General ones, they have territorial (areal) coverage, the objects of tourists’ interest being shown across the whole territory; Route ones – they are designed along a certain route (and objects are shown along this route strip). Further, tourist proper maps are divided according to their contents into: informative maps; maps for health-improving and recreational tourism; maps for sport, non-professional tourism; special maps. walking, ski, bicycle, water, horse-riding, mountain, automobile, combined route maps railway, Tourist proper maps can be general ones, they have territorial (areal) coverage, the objects of tourists’ interest being shown across the whole territory; or route ones – they are designed along a certain route (and objects are shown along this route strip). Among route maps, we can see walking, bicycle, horse-riding, automobile, railway, ski, water, mountain, combined route maps. Further, tourist proper maps are divided according to their contents into: a) informative maps; b) maps for health-improving and recreational tourism; c) maps for sport, non-professional tourism; d) special maps.

Informative maps: general, nature, history and culture Classification of tourist maps Informative maps: general, nature, history and culture General maps depict the basic locality panorama (general geographic elements) and general tourist information Nature maps show full complexes of scenic landscapes, specially preserved natural territories, natural sights of a certain character (volcanic, hydrological, biological and cave formations), ecological tourism History and culture maps are devoted to: historical events and monuments, military-historical events and monuments, remarkable men’s lives, archaeological topics, ethnographic topics, town-planning and architecture monuments, national trade and craft places, their profile and characteristics, ecological tourism In informative maps, we have general ones; nature; history and culture ones.

Maps for health-improving and recreational tourism Classification of tourist maps Maps for health-improving and recreational tourism Maps for health-improving and recreational tourism are intended to show resources of health-improving tourism, such as resorts of different profiles, therapeutic recreation zones. Maps for sports tourism and non-professional ones Maps for sports tourism and non-professional ones are aimed at displaying, accordingly: sports routes of different kinds and categories of complexity, sports orientation routes and venues, venues for holding sports competitions of different kinds; their results; attractive hunting and fishery places, etc. Maps for health-improving and recreational tourism are intended to show resources of health-improving tourism, such as resorts of different profiles, therapeutic recreation zones. Special maps Cult, mystical, esoteric guidebooks for pilgrims and tourists

Maps for tourism organization and planning Classification of tourist maps Maps for tourism organization and planning Maps for tourism advertising and propagation. They are designed for popularizing vacation spots, various sights as well as for attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Maps of the historical development and dynamics of tourism reflect historically different aspects of tourism movement development, its material resources, organizations, service volumes, recreational resources. Tourism infrastructure maps are used for representing the whole set of constructions, buildings, systems and services providing organization and services for tourism. Maps for tourism organization and planning are not less important than tourist proper maps as tourism industry occupies one of the leading places in the economy of many countries. In some areas, tourism is the only industry influencing significantly their development. We have the following kinds of maps in this group. Maps for tourism advertising and propagation. They are designed for popularizing vacation spots, various sights as well as for attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Maps of the historical development and dynamics of tourism reflect historically different aspects of tourism movement development, its material resources, organizations, service volumes, recreational resources. Tourism infrastructure maps are used for representing the whole set of constructions, buildings, systems and services providing organization and services for tourism. As a whole, infrastructure maps reflect the development level of territories for tourism.

Maps for tourism organization and planning (continuation) Zoning districts and zone maps have the basic purpose to display the complex information and specificity of tourist zones for territorial tourism organization and optimal use of recreational resources. The below factors can act as criteria for the division into districts (and for map themes): tourism kinds; the intensity of its development; the stability of natural complexes to tourist loads; the preservation level of natural and historical-and-cultural objects; the representativity and status of tourism objects, natural, anthropogenic conditions and hazards, other signs (grounds for the division). Zoning districts and zone maps have the basic purpose to display the complex information and specificity of tourist zones for territorial tourism organization and optimal use of recreational resources. The region specificity may be caused by geographical, biological characteristics, economic ties, local traditions, system of mutual relations between human cultures and conditions of the environment. The below factors can act as criteria for the division into districts (and for map themes): tourism kinds; the intensity of its development; the stability of natural complexes to tourist loads; the preservation level of natural and historical-and-cultural objects; the representativity and status of tourism objects, natural, anthropogenic conditions and hazards, other signs (grounds for the division).

Maps for tourism organization and planning (continuation) Maps for planning and economic assessment. International, state, regional tourism planning is directly connected with the general territorial planning of lands, with an assessment of the recreational potential of landscapes, tourist resources and tourist district zoning. Besides, tourism is characterized by a system of indicators through which we can appraise it economically and make maps of corresponding themes. Maps for planning and economic appraisal. International, state, regional tourism planning is directly connected with the general territorial planning of lands, with an appraisal of the recreational potential of landscapes, tourist resources and tourist district zoning. Besides, tourism is characterized by a system of indicators through which we can appraise it economically and make maps of corresponding themes.

Natural and cultural heritage In all kinds of maps, especially tourist proper ones, it has been offered to display objects of natural and cultural heritage. But unlike a majority of domestic and foreign tourist maps where sights are represented as a set of monuments of different kinds available in some territory without estimation of their statuses and rankings, the authors have worked out a strict system of heritage data, regulated by legislative and standard documents (Table 2). In all kinds of maps, especially tourist proper ones, it has been offered to display objects of natural and cultural heritage. But unlike a majority of domestic and foreign tourist maps where sights are represented as a set of monuments of different kinds available in some territory without estimation of their statuses and rankings, the authors have worked out a strict system of heritage data, regulated by legislative and standard documents (Table 2).

The natural heritage The cultural heritage In the system offered, the basis for natural heritage is formed by specially preserved territories, making their complete list, and separate monuments and phenomena of nature, which are to be established in the course of mapping each particular region The cultural heritage The cultural heritage includes monuments of history, archeology, town-planning, architecture; ensembles (palace, landscape, gardening ones, etc.); places of concentration of non-territorial forms of heritage (in museums, archives, exhibition halls, etc.); nature-history-culture territories; historical cities and other settlements. In the system offered, the basis for natural heritage is formed by specially preserved territories, making their complete list, and separate monuments and phenomena of nature, which are to be established in the course of mapping each particular region

Each heritage object is shown according to the decision setting up the protection regime, with the object profile and the protection establishing date given. Each object is shown with its value - of world (under the UNESCO registers), federal, regional, local value (under documents of the corresponding level). From the ranks (statuses) listed, objects of world value are the most important ones, especially at global, federal levels. The cultural heritage includes monuments of history, archeology, town-planning, architecture; ensembles (palace, landscape, gardening ones, etc.); places of concentration of non-territorial forms of heritage (in museums, archives, exhibition halls, etc.); nature-history-culture territories; historical cities and other settlements. Each heritage object is shown according to the decision setting up the protection regime, with the object profile and the protection establishing date given. Each object is shown with its value - of world (under the UNESCO registers), federal, regional, local value (under documents of the corresponding level). From the ranks (statuses) listed, objects of world value are the most important ones, especially at global, federal levels

One of the methods for deepening public understanding of the world heritage importance is to support natural and cultural tourism with the corresponding cartographic products having considerable priorities over other information types. UNESCO World Natural Heritage Objects, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Objects electronic maps have been compiled and made in compliance with these goals. One of the methods for deepening public understanding of the world heritage importance is to support natural and cultural tourism with the corresponding cartographic products having considerable priorities over other information types. UNESCO World Natural Heritage Objects, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Objects electronic maps have been compiled and made in compliance with these goals. Lists of objects/sites of the world heritage (both natural and cultural one) with their characteristics have been generated.

Natural and cultural heritage Lists of objects/sites of the world heritage (both natural and cultural one) with their characteristics have been generated (see the example on the next slide)

Year the status was given UNESCO World Natural Heritage Objects Object number Object name Year the status was given Natural profile Area (hectare) importance Guarding regime Brief characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ЕВРОПА Восточная Европа Белоруссия Беловежская Пуща / Бяловежа 1991 Ботанический 98108 га VII Национальный парк Лежащий на водоразделе Балтийского и Черного морей обширный лесной массив, составленный хвойными и широколиственными породами, дает приют множеству диких животных. Болгария Национальный парк Пирин 1983 Геолого-геоморфологический 40060 га VII, VIII, X Находится в Пиринских горах на юго-западе Болгарии, известняковый массив с озерами, водопадами, пещерами и сосновыми лесами. Труднодоступные высокогорья, примерно 70 ледниковых озер, разбросанных по всей территории парка, дают приют множеству эндемических и редких видов, включая реликтовые растения эпохи плейстоцена. Природный резерват Сребырна Гидрологический 638 га X Заповедник Пресноводное озеро, лежащее вблизи русла Дуная, имеет площадь 600 га. Здесь гнездятся птицы почти 100 видов, многие из которых признаны редкими и исчезающими. Венгрия Пещерный район Аггтелек – Словацкий карст 1994 55800 га VIII Заказник Район карстовых пещер (которых к настоящему времени открыто 712) выделяется многообразием карстовых проявлений и их высокой концентрацией Россия Девственные леса Коми 1981 3,28 млн га VII, IX Один из самых крупных уцелевших массивов первичных бореальных лесов, уцелевших. Вулканы Камчатки 3,8302 млн га VII, VIII, IX Это один из интереснейших вулканических районов мира, где сконцентрировано большое число действующих вулканов, и множество других природных феноменов, связанных с вулканической деятельностью.

Web site A reference search website containing prompts, map images, lists of objects with a search system, pages of textual and graphic reference information is being developed.

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