©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1 Before History ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

History of the World in 2 minutes! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XxbIVsCVmM ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Forming the Complex Society Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Prehistory What is “history”? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) According to Peter Sterns, (the guru of APWorld) Why do we study history? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

The Paleolithic Age “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE Made tools hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

Development of Hominids Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Stage 1 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. Australopithecines An Apposable Thumb

Stage 1 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa. created stone tools.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Australopithecus “The southern ape” – despite name, a hominid Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy”-3.2 million years old 3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit Most recent discovery anyone? ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Meet Ardi! http://sexyarchaeology.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/20091001_105047_ssjm1002ardi90.jpg ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Later Hominids Homo erectus, “upright walking human” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Largest brain, esp. frontal regions Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Stage 2 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) BIPEDALISM Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

The Paleolithic Age Purpose?? Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??

Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

AP Key Concept 1.1 (ENV) Peopling of Earth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJdT6QcSbQ0 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Stage 3 Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.

Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” ) By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

The Natural Environment By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut-like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climatic change may have accelerated process ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”) Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Division of labor along gender lines ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Relative Social Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones Required planning, communication ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society Pacific northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Settled Communities Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0615/Cave-art-suggests-that-Neanderthals-weren-t-such-Neanderthals-after-all-video ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neandertal Peoples Neander valley, western Germany Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Creativity of Homo sapiens Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature “Venus” figurines Cave paintings ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished Relied on cultivation for subsistence Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging Spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Agriculture and Population Growth ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Early Agricultural Society Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts – pottery, metallurgy, and textile production ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Social Distinctions Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük Jericho (modern-day Israel) first walled city ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines (Paleolithic too!) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Origins of Urban Life Craft specialization Social relationships Governance Cultural workers Development of the city becoming the focal point of public affairs, where leaders guided human fortunes, supervised neighboring regions, and organized the world’s earliest complex societies ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Catal Huyuk http://www.catalhoyuk.com/ ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.