Mutations (12.4) State Standard

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Mutations Section 12–4 This section describes and compares gene mutations and chromosomal mutations.

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Presentation transcript:

Mutations (12.4) State Standard 2D. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Mutations A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell’s DNA is called a mutation. Types of mutations Insertion Deletion Substitution

Mutations can either occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Causes of Mutation Mutations can either occur spontaneously or be caused by mutagens. Mutagen – Any agent that can harm DNA, causing a mutation. Examples of Mutagens: chemicals, radiation, x-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet light, tobacco, free radicals.

Genetic Disorders (ex – Sickle Cell disease, Cystic Fibrosis) Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Effects of Mutations Genetic Disorders (ex – Sickle Cell disease, Cystic Fibrosis) Changes in shape & functionality of proteins. Dysfunctional protein synthesis. Cancer

AAG CCC ATA TTT CGA AGA TAG

Substitution – 1 nucleotide base is replaced with another. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Types of Mutations Substitution – 1 nucleotide base is replaced with another. Insertion – an extra nucleotide is inserted in the DNA sequence. Deletion – 1 nucleotide base is left out of the DNA sequence. Insertions & deletions cause frameshifts, which throw off the whole DNA code for that section.

12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation

Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation Somatic (body) cell mutations are not passed on to the next generation. Mutations that occur in sex cells are passed on to the organism’s offspring and will be present in every cell of the offspring.

What is an immediate result of a mutation in a gene? Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Formative Questions What is an immediate result of a mutation in a gene? cancer genetic disorder nonfunctional enzyme amino acid deficiency A B C D FQ 12

Which is the most highly mutagenic? Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.4 Formative Questions Which is the most highly mutagenic? chemicals in food cigarette smoke ultraviolet radiation X rays A B C D FQ 13

Explain the difference between body-cell and sex-cell mutation. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions Explain the difference between body-cell and sex-cell mutation. Answer: A mutagen in a body cell becomes part of the of the genetic sequence in that cell and in future daughter cells. The cell may die or simply not perform its normal function. These mutations are not passed on to the next generation. When mutations occur in sex cells, they will be present in every cell of the offspring. CAQ 3

TTCAGG TTCTGG What type of mutation results in this change Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice What type of mutation results in this change in the DNA sequence? TTCAGG TTCTGG deletion frameshift insertion substitution A B C D STP 3

Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice The structure of a protein can be altered dramatically by the exchange of a single amino acid for another. True False A B STP 5