America Claims an Empire Foreign Policy and Expansionism during Progressive Era

Final Additions to the USA ALASKA Purchased from Russia in 1867 Initially opposed by House of Representatives; convinced by Secretary of State, William Steward Called “Steward’s Folly/Icebox” Actually full of natural resources Timber, minerals and oil Became a US state in 1959

Final Additions to the USA Hawaii Been a place for US missionaries and sugar plantations for years Wanted to annex the islands to stop paying duty for shipping Built Pearl Harbor in 1887 Naval base and refueling station for US Navy Sandford B. Dole took control of Hawaii islands Descendant of American missionary – organized rebellion against Queen Refused annexation unless all Hawaii wanted it Annexed in 1898 – by McKinley Territory of the USA Became 50th US state in 1959

Puerto Rico Became an acquired territory of the US after the Spanish- American War Foraker Act – set up US military rule; US president could appoint the P.R. governor Puerto Ricans could only elect lower officials 1901 – Supreme Court rules Constitution did not “automatically apply to people in acquired territories” 1917 – Gave right of citizenship to Puerto Ricans, as well as right to elections all areas

Cuba Independence (from Spain and US) assured with Teller Agreement & Treaty of Paris Still occupied by American troops Military helped with disease, supplies, resources and education Cuban concerns about US taking control in Cuban politics 1901 – Platt Amendment Forced amendment to Cuban constitution Gave land rights to US for military bases/resource stations No treaties allowed to limit independence or allow foreign control Couldn’t go into debt US had right to intervene

Cuba (cont’) US refused to withdraw military until Platt Amendment instituted Happened in 1903; remained in constitution for 31 years Maintained control to “protect” American business rights Sugar, tobacco, mining Mixed support from Americans but continued for many years

Philippine-American War -1899 Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo Wanted independence believed to be promised before Treaty of Paris US imposed authority and used similar tactics as Spain Designated zones for living with poor conditions Thousands of Filipinos killed through disease or starvation Looked on Filipinos as inferior Many US troops were African American – some didn’t agree with this stance and deserted to Filipino side War lasted 3 years 20,000 Filipinos & 4,000 Americans killed Cost 400 million USD – 20 times price of land

Phillippines Aftermath of War Gained independence – July 4th 1946 Similar government set up as Puerto Rico – governor appointed by US; Filipinos only elect lower officials Seen as “Gateway to Asia” Gained independence – July 4th 1946

China Open Door notes - 1899 US Secretary of State, John Hay Addressed to leaders of imperialist nations Proposed that “no single nation would have a monopoly on trade in any part of China” Protected US trader rights in China

China Boxer Rebellion Revolt led by one secret society, The Boxers, to rid China of “foreign devils” Killed hundreds of missionaries, foreigners, Christian Chinese Troops from Britain, France, Germany, US and Japan put down rebellion in August 1900 Thousands of Chinese killed

China Aftermath of Rebellion Open Door Policy concerns other countries would take greater control of China Open Door Policy From 2nd round of letters from Secretary Hay Reflected US Economic Beliefs Growth depends on exports Right to intervene to keep foreign markets open Fear of closed markets threatened US survival Bedrock of US Foreign Policy

Russo-Japanese War - 1904 Between Russia and Japan for control over Korea Japan was victorious – gained control of Korea and Manchuria Decreased finances in Japan – approached Roosevelt Roosevelt mediated peace – Treaty of Portsmouth Won Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize (1906)

Panama Canal Canal across Central America To reduce transit time for trade and military between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Originally started as joint plan with US and Britain 1901 Britain gave full control to America Initially tried by a French Company but failed US started in 1904

Panama Canal Ranked as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats Obstacles: Disease – malaria, yellow fever Volcanic soil – hard to work with More than 43,400 workers employed – Spanish, Italian, blacks from British West Indies Total cost – 380 million USD Opened on August 15th, 1914 Building damaged US-Latin America relations US had supported rebellion in Panama Will last for decades despite US paying Columbia for lost lands

Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe Doctrine M.D had restricted Europe from getting involved in Latin America Written by President James Monroe in 1823 Stated that America could use force to protect economic interests in Latin America

Missionary Diplomacy Tactic used by President Wilson US had “moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin government it viewed as immoral, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests” Put pressure on developing foreign democratic nations

Mexico Mexican Revolution -1911 Wilson intervened in Mexico in 1914 Led by Francisco Madero Overthrew government highly connected to US Pushed for Democratic reforms but couldn’t satisfy everyone; was killed Gov’t taken over by General Victoriano Huerta – “government of butchers” (Wilson) Wilson intervened in Mexico in 1914 Invaded Veracruz; brought almost to war Internal Mexican conflict collapsed Huerta gov’t Venustiano Carranza took over; recognized by Wilson, who withdrew US troops

More Rebellion in Mexico Rising rebellion led by Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata Very nationalistic and against US support of Carranza Villa killed American engineers invited by Carranza Caused American outcry Wilson ordered forced into Mexico to capture/kill Villa Over a year to do so Mexico resented US troops A few clashes of troops; war stilled through talks (US facing WWI so needed troops) Showed American belief of free- enterprise democracy – use of force to do so