Starter 10/03/2017 Where did all of the oxygen, carbon, gold, and silver on Earth come from?

The Star Life Cycle

If you see this, WRITE DOWN THE INFORMATION ON PAGE 6!!! FYI: Important information will be shown in a white box with a yellow border. If you see this, WRITE DOWN THE INFORMATION ON PAGE 6!!!

What is the most abundant element in the Universe and WHY? Hydrogen—It’s the FIRST element, and the easiest to “make” 1 electron 1 proton

Nebulas are stellar nurseries. What is a NEBULA? Nebula = Interstellar Cloud Made of gas and dust Nebulas are stellar nurseries.

NEBULA

Nebulas

Nebulas

Trifid Nebula

Nebulas Stars form inside nebulas, or protostars, very slowly. One hydrogen molecule fuses with another, then that with another, and on and on. Pretty soon, these fusing atoms cause space to become unbalanced. And in an effort to balance space out the fusing atoms start to spin.

This is where stars are formed! Nebulas Before long the fusing and the spinning creates a gravitational pull, pulling more and more atoms and dust into the center. This is where stars are formed!

Nebulas

Nebulas and Young Stars Young, bright stars. Probably only a few hundred thousand years old! Protostars, about to become “real” stars.

LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE

Main Sequence In order to start the MAIN SEQUENCE you need hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen with extra neutron helium hydrogen neutron

Main Sequence Low Mass Star Low Mass Stars

The importance of Fusion Elements 4-26 (Beryllium through Iron) can be formed in simple stars like our Sun through the process of fusion. 2 He Helium 2 He Helium 4 Be Beryllium + 

The importance of Fusion The elements highlighted in pink were created by fusion inside extinct stars!

Main Sequence You are here! The Sun is still fusing hydrogen, and we have billions of years worth of hydrogen left. But what happens when ALL the hydrogen in the Sun has fused??? What will be left? helium neutron Low Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT

Red Giants Helium FLASH! This happens when all of the hydrogen (fuel) in a star has been fused. This makes the star SWELL and COOL! Low Mass Stars

Red Giants This might be what our sun will look like from Earth when it has its HELIUM FLASH (and turns into a Red Giant). Low Mass Stars

Our Sun as a Red Giant… Sun—the size it is now Position of Mercury Position of Venus Position of Earth Low Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA

Where the heaviest elements are. Like Lead, Vanadium, Titanium, etc. Planetary Nebula Inside an old star (like a Red Giant): CORE: Where the heaviest elements are. Like Lead, Vanadium, Titanium, etc. RADIATION ZONE: Where heat comes from PHOTOSPHERE: Where lighter elements are found. Like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula We call this a NOVA! When an old star finishes fusing ALL the light elements something interesting happens… We call this a NOVA! The heavier part of the star collapses in the middle, forming a VERY dense ball The lighter part of the star separates from the core and explodes into space! Low Mass Stars

The part that explodes into space is called the Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Planetary Nebula are wrongly named, since they have nothing to do with the birth of planets. Low Mass Stars

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium , and other elements. Planetary Nebula Remember that lighter part of the star that exploded into space? What was it made of? Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium , and other elements. Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Those elements spread into outer space until they run into something or combine into a stellar nebula. If the elements run into nebulas, young stars, or planets they become part of those things! Low Mass Stars

Butterfly Nebula Can you see the core? Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars

Bubble Nebula Low Mass Stars

Low Mass Stars

Rotten Egg Low Mass Stars

Red Spider Low Mass Stars

Hourglass Low Mass Stars

Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF

The dense core will become a White Dwarf White Dwarves Remember this? The dense core will become a White Dwarf Low Mass Stars

White Dwarves Low Mass Stars

White Dwarves White Dwarves are VERY small, but VERY dense. Imagine the mass of the Sun, 1/2 the size of Earth! Low Mass Stars

White Dwarves An artist’s idea of what the Sun will look like as a White Dwarf from the surface of the Earth. Low Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF

LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF

The fusion of very heavy elements happens here! Super Giants The fusion of very heavy elements happens here! Elements 27-92 (Cobalt through Uranium) were formed inside Supergiants Low Mass Stars

The importance of Fusion The elements highlighted in yellow were created by fusion of BIG stars! The importance of Fusion

Super Giant More than 2 dozen of these stars are Super giants! (The Bright, yellow stars). Warm dust glows red. The blue spot here is likely the remnant of a SUPER NOVA! The big blue patch is where NEW stars are being born! High Mass Stars

Super Giants Betelgeuse is an example of a Super Giant star! You can see it in the constellation Orion…it’s literally the armpit of Orion. High Mass Stars

Super Giants Antares is another Super Giant in our sky. It is often called the heart of Scorpio. High Mass Stars

Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm Sense of Scale Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm High Mass Stars

Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm Sense of Scale Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm High Mass Stars

Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm Sense of Scale Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm High Mass Stars

Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm Sense of Scale Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm High Mass Stars

Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm Sense of Scale Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm High Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF

Supernova! A picture made up from 3 different telescope images. This is the dust of a Supernova…mainly composed of Iron. High Mass Stars

Supernova! Really heavy elements: gold, silver, platinum, etc. came from previous supernovas! High Mass Stars

Supernova! Why don’t we have very many good pictures of Supernovas? You have to have Supergiants to have Supernovas! And we only know of about 200 Supergiants in our Universe. That means the odds of a star being a Supergiant is 0.0000000067%. High Mass Stars

Crab Nebula—Supernova in the year 1054 High Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF NEUTRON STAR

Neutron Stars are VERY VERY dense. And VERY VERY small. The density of a Neutron Star makes its gravitational pull SUPER strong. High Mass Stars

LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF NEUTRON STAR BLACK HOLE

Black Holes High Mass Stars

Black holes are actually the BRIGHTEST objects in the sky. That is because the HUGE amount of light they are “sucking” into them gets bounced around and reflects back into outer space. Black holes DO NOT swallow up the whole Universe. They only have as much gravitational pull as they had when they were stars. High Mass Stars

Stars and the Periodic Table Watch the video clips on the class website and add more information to your notes.