G8/NEPAD Regional Implementation Planning meeting COMPREHENSIVE AFRICA AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CAADP) Companion Document Livestock sub-sector G8/NEPAD Regional Implementation Planning meeting Dar es Salaam, 26 January, 2005

Role of livestock in Africa Livestock in agricultural GDP (%) Livestock accounts for ca. 30% of agric. GDP Contributes significantly to food supply and nutrition Source of livelihood for millions of Africans – food, income, social obligations, risk mitigation) Enhances productivity of crop agriculture (draught & manure) Livestock derived food products contribute approx. 30% to agricultural GDP, this estimate does not include non-food livestock products such as manure and draught power, which enhances productivity of crop agriculture. -this does note also include the important role livestock plays in risk mitigation and wealth accumulation. Notably in the case contribution to agricultural GDP, there are differences across Africa. In some countries, eg Botswana, mauritania, Namibia – livestock contribute over 50% In the humid zone of West Africa, livestock’s contribution is much lower to less than 10% Role of livestock in Africa

Livestock Populations AEZ Region % % Mn heads Cattle: 224 Sheep: 244 Goats: 223 Pigs: 22 Chick.: 1,374 Livestock Populations

Agro-ecological zones and livestock systems Pastoral Agro-pastoral Mixed crop livestock systems Commercial ranching Small holder dairy & peri-urban systems Non-ruminant systems (pig, poultry) Irrigated systems in North Africa Agro-ecological zones and livestock systems

Meat - trends in per capita consumption

Milk - trends in per capita consumption

Net trade in livestock products All livestock Products ‘000$ Meat – ‘000 mt Milk – ‘000 mt Net trade in livestock products

Challenge Annual growth rates for 1993-2003 Human population 2.7% (4.2% - urban pop.) Production Meat 2.4% Milk 3.2% Eggs 2.7% Production needs to grow at an average rate of 4.2% to meet growing demand due to increased population (estimated at 1.1. billion in 2015), improve nutrition and reduce or eliminate food imports Challenge

Meat Performance Indicator: Carcass Weight Kg/animal Meat Performance Indicator: Carcass Weight

Egg & Milk Performance Indicators Kg/animal/year Kg/animal/year Milk Eggs Egg & Milk Performance Indicators

Livestock sub-sector constraints Biophysical/technical Infrastructure Policy and institutional Access to resources and services Market related constraints Human resources (education, skills, attitudes) Emphasis may differ according to AEZ/system/species, hence approaches to solve them Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages) Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion! Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved. Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations. NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints. AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones. Livestock sub-sector constraints

Biophysical/technical constraints Variability of rainfall, poor soils, scarcity of water Fragile environments (sahel) Animal diseases and vectors causing high mortalities and morbidities Inadequate nutrition Both quantitatively and qualitatively (moving from drier to wetter agro-ecological zones) Highly adapted, but low productive livestock species Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages) Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion! Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved. Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations. NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints. AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones. Biophysical/technical constraints

Policy and institutional constraints Fragmented policy approaches (conflicting in some cases) Bias towards urban consumers Excessive regulations Weak policy formulation and planning capacities Weak M & E, statistical databases Weak implementation capacities of policies, laws, regulations and standards Weak institutions (vet. services, extension and research) Weak institutional linkages/coordination mechanisms esp. research-extension-farmer linkages Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages) Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion! Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved. Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations. NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints. AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones. Policy and institutional constraints

Limited access to resources & services Increasing shortage of communal grazing lands (including skewed access to common property rights) Access to adequate water Limited Access to financial services Access to effective extension services Access to veterinary services Farm inputs for livestock production (AI, feed additives etc) Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages) Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion! Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved. Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations. NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints. AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones. Limited access to resources & services

Market related constraints Restricted market access No real markets outside own communities Limited to local markets Limited access to international markets due to high technical requirements High transaction costs Lack of market information Poor infrastructure roads, marketing points, etc conservation and processing infrastructure Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages) Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion! Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved. Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations. NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints. AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones. Market related constraints

Strategies for the livestock sector Enhance livestock’s role in agricultural intensification while promoting market-based livestock “development” semi-arid, sub-humid, highlands Protect vulnerable livelihoods in marginal areas arid and drier parts of semi-arid zones Improved & strengthened policy analysis and implementation capacities (national and regional levels) underpin the above strategies Strategies for the livestock sector

Areas of potential use of strategies Length of growing period (days) Strategy 2 Strategy 1 Areas of potential use of strategies

Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1) Objective Enhance input functions of livestock within the crop-livestock system to expand and increase agricultural production, while promoting market based livestock development Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)

Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1) Rationale Low productivity of crop agriculture High prevalence of hand labour Low level of mechanization Prevalence of vector-borne and parasitic diseases (tryps., tick-borne diseases) Poor soils and low levels of organic matter content Production models and agribusiness (emergence of supermarkets) New and old competition in particular competition with imports Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)

Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (2) Priority actions Development of means to increase sustainable productivity of infertile, fragile soils Facilitate technology transfer for e.g.: Animal-based mechanisation Control diseases that limit productivity (tsetse, other parasitic diseases) Improvement of productive potential of indigenous breeds while taking advantage of positive traits Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (2)

Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (3) Priority actions Development of infrastructure for transportation, processing and marketing Facilitate access to inputs and services (e.g. credit) Adaptation and adoption of technology Development of equitable market policies that favor smallholder investment Control diseases that limit market access both regionally and internationally (e.g. CBPP, FMD) Develop adapted sanitary and technical standards and deepening regional trade agreements within Africa Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (3)

Strategy 1 – highland zones (1) Rationale Agricultural systems reached relatively high level of intensification and complementarities Still have potential for expanding livestock productivity Possess strong and expanding markets for meat and milk Strategy 1 – highland zones (1)

Strategy 1 – highland zones (2) Priority actions Increasing feed production e.g. use of higher yielding legumes, forages, encouraging development of commercial feed industry, etc Development of practical technologies to control tick borne diseases Improvement of animal health services Improvement of genotypes esp. for milk production through AI Improvement of infrastructure for transportation, processing and marketing Strategy 1 – highland zones (2)

Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones Rationale Limited potential for increasing livestock productivity, hence protection of vulnerable livelihoods Livelihoods under growing threats (encroachment) High production and market risks Vulnerability (disease, drought) Low potential and low market access offer little scope for intensification Degradation of fragile environments Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones

Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones (2) Priority actions Facilitate empowerment, partnerships, control of and access to assets and resources, safety nets Controlling of animal diseases that threaten livelihoods Create institutions for the management of the environment (common property resources) Developing practicable and economic systems for delivering animal health services Facilitate alternative livelihood strategies – diversification of livelihoods Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones (2)

Strategies for intensive commercial systems Priority actions Issues related to lowering cost of production Feed supply Infrastructure Policies Credit Strategies for intensive commercial systems

Priorities for Research Priority actions Policies and institutional arrangements Feed Animal health Genetic improvement Farming systems and livestock management Natural resource management related to livestock Priorities for Research