Cardiovascular System Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System

Word Parts Card/o, cardi/o = Arteri/o = Capill/o = Phleb/o, ven/o = Hem/o, hemat/o = Angi/o = Aort/o =

Ather/o = Coron/o = Erythr/o = Leuk/o = Thromb/o = Brady- = -emia = Tachy- =

Functions Efficient pumping and delivery system Supply body tissues with oxygen and nutrients Transport waste products for

Structures The heart Located between the lungs and above the diaphragm Hollow muscular organ about 5 ½” long and 3 ½” wide Will vary with a person’s body size The heart is the pump to maintain blood circulation Connects the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Cardi/o (heart)

Pericardium Walls of the heart A double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. Peri- (surrounding), -um (pertaining to) Walls of the heart Epicardium – external layer and part of the inner layer of the pericardial sac Myocardium – middle and thickest layer, the heart muscle Endocardium – the inner layer, is continuous with the linings of the blood vessels attached to the heart

Blood supply – 5 – 6 Liters in adults Myocardium beats constantly Requires a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients Requires constant removal of waste The coronary arteries and veins perform this function Interruption of supply causes tissue death in affected area

Heart Chambers Atria Ventricles The heart is divided into left and right sides subdivided into four chambers. Atria The two upper chambers of the heart, separated by the interatrial septum, receive blood from the veins. Atri/o (atrium) Ventricles The two lower chambers, the pumping chambers that force blood out of the heart into the lungs or the rest of the body. The walls are thick because they pump blood longer distances.

Heart Valves The opening between the atrium and ventricle on each side is controlled by a valve. Valv/o, valvul/o (valve) Tricuspid – controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar – between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery Mitral valve or bicuspid valve – between the left atrium and left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Flow of blood through the heart IVC/SVC Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta

Pulmonary circulation The blood flow out of the heart from the right ventricle and through the pulmonary arteries. Here arteries carry oxygen poor blood. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged in the alveoli for oxygen. The pulmonary veins carry the oxygen rich blood into the left atrium.

Systemic circulation Blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs. Oxygen rich blood flows out of the left ventricle into arterial circulation Returns by venous circulation as oxygen poor blood into the right atrium

Heartbeat – The Electrical System Electrical impulses stimulate the muscular tissue of the heart controlling the rate and regularity of the heartbeat. To pump effectively the beating must be synchronized accurately. The electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle of His.

Electrical waves Heart sounds Show the activity of the electrical system. Recorded by an EKG or monitor P wave – the contraction of the atria QRS complex – the contraction of the ventricles T wave – the relaxation of the ventricles Heart sounds Lubb sound – from the closing of the valves between the atria and ventricles Dupp sound – from the closing of the valves in the aorta and the pulmonary arteries.

The Blood Vessels - Arteries Large elastic vessels Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure High in oxygen which gives it the bright red color. Arteri/o (artery) EXCEPT PULMONARY ARTERY

Arteries Arteries have 3 layers, are muscular & elastic Expand with the pumping of the heart Endoarterial – interior lining of an artery Aorta begins at the left ventricle Coronary arteries supply the myocardium Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries

Capillaries Microscopic vessels One epithelial cell thick Connect the arterial and venous systems

Capillaries Blood flow is slower in the capillaries to allow: exchange of oxygen nutrients waste between the tissue fluids and surrounding cells. CO2 from cells to lungs

Veins Venules – come from capillaries and merge to form veins Vena cava – two large veins that enter the heart Superior – brings blood from the top part of the body Inferior – brings blood from the lower part of the body

Veins Return waste filled blood to the heart. Have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries. Contractions of the skeletal muscles cause the blood to flow through the veins to the heart. Veins have valves that allow blood flow only toward the heart and prevent backflow.

Pulse & Blood pressure Pulse – the expansion and contraction of an artery from the pressure of the blood moving through the artery Blood pressure – the measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the inner walls of the blood vessels.

Blood Pressure (cont.) Blood pressure – written as systolic over diastolic. Systolic – occurs when the ventricles contract Work period Diastolic – occurs when the ventricles are relaxed. Rest period

Blood 55% = plasma 45% = formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) RBC = Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes WBC = White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Platelets = Thrombocytes

Plasma The straw colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones and waste. 91% water and 9% plasma proteins Serum is the plasma with the clotting proteins removed. Ser/o (serum) Fibrinogen and prothrombin – two of the clotting proteins found in plasma. Necessary for clot formation to control bleeding.

Reticulocyte – immature RBC Plasma (cont) Hemoglobin – the iron containing pigment of the RBC carries oxygen to the tissues Reticulocyte – immature RBC

Erythrocytes (RBC’s) Mature red blood cells Produced in the red bone marrow Tiny disks thin in the center and thick on their rims This design provides an increased surface area the allow gases (oxygen) to pass

Leukocytes – WBC’s Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte Lymphocyte

Leukocytes – WBC’s Neutrophil – most common Basophil – Least common Phagocytosis Immune system defense against pthogens Basophil – Least common Responsible for symptoms of allergies Eosinophil - Destroy parasitic organisms Role in allergic reaction

Leukocytes – WBC’s (cont) Monocyte – Also use phagocytosis Cleans blood Provides immune defense Lymphocyte – Identify intruders Produce antibodies specific to that antigen

Thrombocytes (platelets) Also called platelets The smallest elements in the blood Important in the formation of blood clots.

Blood Types Four main blood types: AB O A and/or B antigen on the cell determine the blood type. Type O has neither the A or B antigen. Accurate blood typing is essential in order for blood to be given safely.

Blood Types (cont) Rh Factor Type O is considered the universal donor Type AB is the universal receiver Rh Factor Another antigen present in the RBC’s of most people If present; person is positive If not; negative Blood Gases (ABG) The gas dissolved in the plasma of the blood. The gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Pathology Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol. Ather/o (plaque or fatty substance.

Angina Pectoris – chest pain usually due to interference with the supply of oxygen to the myocardium. Myocardial infarction – MI (heart attack); occlusion of a coronary artery resulting in an infarct (localized area of necrosis caused by an interruption of the blood supply) of the affected myocardium. Congestive heart failure – inability of cardiac output to meet the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients. Because of the reduced blood flow the kidneys keep more fluid in the body and the fluid builds in the legs, ankles and lungs.

Carditis – Endocarditis – Myocarditis – Pericarditis –

Rapid random ineffective contraction of the heart Fibrillation Rapid random ineffective contraction of the heart Atrial – irregular quivering of the atria and very rapid ventricular heartbeat Ventricular – irregular contraction of the ventricles and is fatal unless reversed by electric defibrillation.

Angionecrosis – Angiostenosis- Hypoperfusion – deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part Perfusion – the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ

Aneurysm Localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery Named for the involved blood vessels.

Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries Raynaud’s phenomenon – intermittent attacks of pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color) and redness of the fingers and toes

Varicose veins Abnormally swollen veins usually in the leg

Thrombosis – abnormal condition in which a thrombus (blood clot) develops within the blood vessel Embolus – a foreign object such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood Embolism – blockage of a vessel by an embolus.

Septicemia – blood poisoning – presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganism or their toxins in the blood Hyperlipidemia – elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins. Leukopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s Hypertension – Angiography - X-ray study of blood vessels Vasodilator -

Septicemia – blood poisoning – presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganism or their toxins in the blood. Cholesterol – are lipids (fatty substances) that travel in the blood in lipoproteins. We need cholesterol for good health. Problems begin when the levels are excessive. LDL – bad cholesterol – high quantities lead to plaque buildup in the arteries. HDL – good cholesterol – carries needed cholesterol back to the liver for processing.

Triglycerides – combination of fatty acids attached to glycerol normally found in the blood Hyperlipidemia – elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins. Thrombocytopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of platelets Leukopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s Leukemia – malignancy characterized by a progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes

Hypertension Essential – also called primary or idiopathic (unknown cause) is consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin. Normal 120/80, mild hypertension is 140/90 Secondary – results from another condition such as kidney disease. Malignant – shown by sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure

Diagnostic Procedures Angiography – radiographic study of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium. X-ray study of blood vessels. Angiogram – is the resulting film Cardiac catheterization – x-ray study where a catheter is passed into a vein or artery, guided to the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow

Electrocardiogram – EKG, ECG – record of the electrical activity of the myocardium Holter monitor – 24 hour EKG worn by the patient Stress tests – assess cardiovascular function during and after physical stress Echocardiography – use of ultrasound to evaluate heart structures and blood flow through the heart.

Homework Matching Word Parts 1, 2, & 3 Challenge Word Building