Chapter 9.1 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP

Nutritional Requirements Animals are heterotrophs need to take in food Why? fulfills 3 needs… fuel = chemical energy for production of ATP raw materials = carbon source for synthesis essential nutrients = animals cannot make elements (N, P, K, Fe, Na, K, Ca...), NAD, FAD, etc.

Harvesting stored energy Energy is stored in organic molecules heterotrophs eat food (organic molecules) digest organic molecules serve as raw materials for building & fuels for energy controlled release of energy series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions “burning” fuels carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids We eat to take in the fuels to make ATP which will then be used to help us build biomolecules and grow and move and… live! heterotrophs = “fed by others” vs. autotrophs = “self-feeders”

{ { { Energy Budget food intake ATP production synthesis storage basal (resting) metabolism temperature regulation activity food intake synthesis { repair growth reproduction storage { glycogen fat

Harvesting energy stored in glucose Glucose is the model catabolism of glucose to produce ATP glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + + heat respiration CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates) combustion = making heat energy by burning fuels in one step Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water respiration = making ATP (& less heat) by burning fuels in many small steps ATP CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

How do we harvest energy from fuels? Digest large molecules into smaller ones break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another as electrons move they carry energy with them that energy is stored in another bond, released as heat, or harvested to make ATP loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced They are called oxidation reactions because it reflects the fact that in biological systems oxygen, which attracts electrons strongly, is the most common electron acceptor. Oxidation & reduction reactions always occur together therefore they are referred to as “redox reactions”. As electrons move from one atom to another they move farther away from the nucleus of the atom and therefore are at a higher potential energy state. The reduced form of a molecule has a higher level of energy than the oxidized form of a molecule. The ability to store energy in molecules by transferring electrons to them is called reducing power, and is a basic property of living systems. + – + + e- oxidation reduction e-

How do we move electrons in biology? Moving electrons in living systems, electrons do not move alone electrons move as part of H atom loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced + – + + H oxidation reduction Energy is transferred from one molecule to another via redox reactions. C6H12O6 has been oxidized fully == each of the carbons (C) has been cleaved off and all of the hydrogens (H) have been stripped off & transferred to oxygen (O) — the most electronegative atom in living systems. This converts O2 into H2O as it is reduced. The reduced form of a molecule has a higher energy state than the oxidized form. The ability of organisms to store energy in molecules by transferring electrons to them is referred to as reducing power. The reduced form of a molecule in a biological system is the molecule which has gained a H atom, hence NAD+  NADH once reduced. soon we will meet the electron carriers NAD & FADH = when they are reduced they now have energy stored in them that can be used to do work. C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + oxidation reduction H

Coupling oxidation & reduction Redox reactions in respiration release energy as breakdown molecules break C-C bonds strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms C6H12O6  CO2 = fuel has been oxidized electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms in biology, the most electronegative atom? O2  H2O = oxygen has been reduced release energy to synthesize ATP  O2 O2 is 2 oxygen atoms both looking for electrons LIGHT FIRE ==> oxidation RELEASING ENERGY But too fast for a biological system C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + oxidation reduction

Oxidation & reduction Oxidation Reduction  adding O removing H loss of electrons releases energy exergonic Reduction removing O adding H gain of electrons stores energy endergonic C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + oxidation reduction

Moving electrons in respiration Electron carriers move electrons (and energy) by shuttling H atoms around NAD+  NADH (reduced) FAD+2  FADH2 (reduced) now has reducing power! Make sure you get this!!! NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (vitamin B3) P O– O –O C NH2 N+ H NADH P O– O –O C NH2 N+ H adenine ribose sugar phosphates reduction oxidation + H Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) — and its relative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which you will meet in photosynthesis — are two of the most important coenzymes in the cell. In cells, most oxidations are accomplished by the removal of hydrogen atoms. Both of these coenzymes play crucial roles in this. Nicotinamide is also known as Vitamin B3 is believed to cause improvements in energy production due to its role as a precursor of NAD (nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide), an important molecule involved in energy metabolism. Increasing nicotinamide concentrations increase the available NAD molecules that can take part in energy metabolism, thus increasing the amount of energy available in the cell. Vitamin B3 can be found in various meats, peanuts, and sunflower seeds. Nicotinamide is the biologically active form of niacin (also known as nicotinic acid). FAD is built from riboflavin — also known as Vitamin B2. Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that is found naturally in organ meats (liver, kidney, and heart) and certain plants such as almonds, mushrooms, whole grain, soybeans, and green leafy vegetables. FAD is a coenzyme critical for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. when NADH is oxidized back to NAD: DG = -219kJ/mol

Overview of cellular respiration 4 metabolic stages Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis respiration without O2 in cytosol Aerobic respiration respiration using O2 in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Kreb’s cycle 4. Electron transport chain These involve those redox reactions! C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP  + (+ heat)

What’s the point? ATP The Point is to Make ATP! Any Questions??