Contribution of Henry Gantt Monaz Parekh

Introduction Henry Gantt (1861-1919) was born into a family of prosperous farmers in Maryland in 1861. He graduated from Johns Hopkins College and was a teacher before becoming a draughtsman in 1884 and qualifying as a mechanical engineer. From 1887 to 1893 he worked at the Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia, where he became Assistant to the Chief Engineer (FW Taylor) and then Superintendent of the Casting Department. Gantt and Taylor worked well in their early years together and Gantt followed Taylor to Simonds Rolling Company and on to Bethlehem Steel. In 1917 he accepted a government commission to contribute to the war effort in the Frankford Arsenal and for the Emergency Fleet Corporation

Gantt's contribution Gantt's Task and Bonus wage system Introduced in 1901 as a differential of Piece Wage System Employee received a bonus in addition to his regular day rate if he accomplished the task for the day Enabled workers to earn a living while learning to increase their efficiency, production often more than doubled

Gantt’s Contribution 2. The perspective of the worker and supervisor Gantt was interested in an aspect of industrial education which he called the 'habits of industry' - habits of industriousness and co-operation, doing work to the best of one's ability, and pride in the quality as well as the quantity of work. Gantt brought in an innovation, by paying the foreman a bonus if all the workers met the required standard of performance From his experience as a teacher, Gantt hoped that his bonus system would help to convert the foreman from an overseer and driver of workers to a helper and teacher of subordinates.

Gantt’s Contribution 3. Gantt's Bar Chart These started as a humble but effective mechanism for recording the progress of workers towards the task standard A daily record was kept for each worker - in black, if he met the standard, in red, if he didn't. This expanded into further charts on quantity of work per machines, quantity of work per worker, cost control and other subjects A bar chart showed how work was scheduled over time through to its completion. This enabled management to see, in graphic form, how well work was progressing, and indicated when and where action would be necessary to keep on time The Gantt Chart provided a graphic means of planning and controlling work and led to its modern variation - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

Application of Gantt’s Principles in Modern Business Gantt chart is used today in modern day production scheduling methods It is translated in 8 languages and used throughout the world Starting in 1920 it was used in Japan, Spain and Soviet Union Formed basis for two charting devices used for planning, organizing and controlling complex organization’s processes Critical Path Method (CPM) originated by Du Pont Performance Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) developed by Navy LOTUS 123

University of Nottingham 9/16/2018 Gantt Chart A GANTT chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. After the PERT/CPM analysis is completed, the following phase is to construct the GANTT chart and then to re-allocate resources and re-schedule if necessary. GANTT charts have become a common technique for representing the phases and activities of a project work breakdown structure. It was introduced by Henry Gantt around 1910 – 1915. Maria Petridou

University of Nottingham 9/16/2018 Gantt Chart Maria Petridou

University of Nottingham 9/16/2018 Gantt Chart Characteristics: The bar in each row identifies the corresponding task The horizontal position of the bar identifies start and end times of the task Bar length represents the duration of the task Task durations can be compared easily Good for allocating resources and re-scheduling Precedence relationships can be represented using arrows Critical activities are usually highlighted Slack times are represented using bars with doted lines The bar of each activity begins at the activity earliest start time (ES) The bar of each activity ends at the activity latest finish time (LF). Maria Petridou

University of Nottingham 9/16/2018 Gantt Chart Advantages Simple Good visual communication to others Task durations can be compared easily Good for scheduling resources Disadvantages Dependencies are more difficult to visualise Minor changes in data can cause major changes in the chart Software Project Management Maria Petridou Maria Petridou

2 Critical Elements of a task Terminal elements are the smaller more intricate tasks that need to be completed as part of a larger task. Summary element is made up of terminal elements to form the larger task. For example, a summary element for a car manufacturer would be to paint the vehicle. The terminal elements of painting the vehicle would be to strip any original paint, primer, apply your first, second and top coats, and finally, wash, wax and buff the new paint job.