Byzantines, Russians and Turks Pamela Hammond Brantley Co HS Nahunta, GA The east/west facing eagle shown here was the symbol of the _________ Empire, which grew out of the part of the Roman Empire after the western half was conquered. Symbolized the strategic position of where East meets West.

Heavy taxes to rebuild Constantinople Preserved Greco-Roman Culture Greek instead of Latin Religious Art: icons, illustrated manuscripts, mosaics Missionaries spread Xnity & Byz culture to Slavs & Russians Cyril & Methodius Alphabet Women confined/ vailed ECON: crossroads Emperors controlled prices, industries, stole silk worms from China/ rural econ-farmers still used slow oxcart/plow Golden Age Justinian’s Code Women/slaves ordinary people protected Civil laws Heavy taxes to rebuild Constantinople Hagia Sophia Belasarius-Reconq. much of old Rm Emp Theodora set precedent-women rule with husband Invasions: Germans: Italy, Sp, N. Africa, Arabs: N. Africa, Seljuk Turks: much of Anatolia, & Fert. Crescent, Ottoman Turks-1453 Plagues every 8-12 years Inefficient emperors Crusaders-1204-57 Latin Empire Mongol invasions of Russia—trade weakened Called by Constantine 325 Settle disputes over doctrine Question on nature of Jesus (human  divine or just divine) Estab Holy Trinity Schism btw Rm & Eg. Bishops (Coptic) Evaluated role of Mary & Mary Magadaline (prostitute) 392 Olympics banned 730—Iconoclasts—Leo III—back 843

Head: Pope HQ: Rome/ Vatican Head: Patriarch HQ: Constantinople Language: Latin Power: Pope’s authority over all church matters & all kings and emperors (papal primacy) Priests: may NOT marry Divorce: NOT permitted Icons: permitted Bible: “Western Bible” Greek / Vernacular Patriarch shares power with other clergy—no power over emperors May marry Divorce: Permitted Icons at 1st seen as idolatry later allowed Add’l books to Western Bible

The Primary Causes of the East-West Schism of 1054* Eastern Church Western Church POLITICAL RIVALRY Byzantine Empire Holy Roman Empire CLAIMS OF PAPACY Patriarch of Constantinople was considered second in primacy to the bishop of Rome. Bishop of Rome claimed supremacy over entire church. THEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Stagnated after Council of Chalcedon. Continued to change and grow through controversies and expansion. FILIOQUE CONTROVERSEY Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father. Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY Engaged in 120-year dispute over the use of icons in worship; finally concluded they could be used (statues prohibited). Made constant attempts to interfere in what was purely an Eastern dispute (statues permitted). *from Robert C. Walton. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.

Located along the Dneiper R—good for trade (Constantinople) Vladimir converted to Xnity (EOC) 988 Yaroslav the Wise -- Golden Age 1019 -Married female relatives off to expand empire -Legal code (similar to ___) -Split empire btw sons Located around 3 rivers—trade Duchy of Muscovy Cooperated with Mongols Ivan I—The Moneybags Ivan III, Ivan the Great Defeated Mongols 1472 Ru 1st empire Czar Ivan IV, The Terrible—St. Basil’s Cultures laid the foundation for Russia People=Slavs Ideas from Greeks/Byz—Xnity, art/arch Vikings conquered Rurik the Rus invited to rule Kiev Russia named for Enslaved, killed pillaged Fair ruler Obey few laws Pay tribute Conquest hurt Byz Emp when Kiev conquered…trade cut off Conquest hurt Ru by isolating them from West. Eur.—became stagnant– no Renaissance/Sci Rev

The people of Kievan Rus and linked to the Byzantines by way of the Dnieper River and across the Black Sea

Seljuk Turks The Conquering Seljuks The Turks Secure Persian Support • Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China • Group led by Turkish family—the Seljuks—seizes Baghdad in 1055 • In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert • Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople The Turks Secure Persian Support • Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture • Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister • Adopt Persian language and religion—Islam

Seljuks and the Crusades The Seljuks and the Crusaders • Crusades begin in 1095—Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia • In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews • Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem • Captain Saladin allows Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places

Seljuk Turks face the Mongols Mongol armies under leader Hulagu capture Baghdad in 1258 Hulagu, Genghis Kahn’s grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed