Population and Urbanization Chapter 19 Population and Urbanization

Chapter Outline Demography: The Study of Population Population Growth in Global Context A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories Urbanization in Global Perspective

Chapter Outline Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities Problems in Global Cities Urban Problems in the United States Rural Community Issues in the United States Population and Urbanization in the Future

Population World’s population of 6.4 billion in 2005 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s population growth will be in low-income countries.

Demography A subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution. Many sociological studies use demographic analysis as a component of the research design because all aspects of social life are affected by demography.

Fertility The actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population. Fecundity is the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity. The most basic measure of fertility is the crude birth rate - the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. In 2004 the crude birth rate in the U.S. was 14.0 per 1,000.

Mortality The incidence of death in a population. The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death rate - the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. In 2004 the U.S. crude death rate was 8.3 per 1,000.

Question _____ is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population, while _____ is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity. Birth rate - fertility rate Fertility rate - birth rate Fertility - fecundity Fecundity – fertility

Answer: c Fertility is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population, while fecundity is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

Changes in Population Changes occur as a result of three processes: Fertility (births) Mortality (deaths) Migration

Question Demography is a subfield of sociology that examines: population size. population composition. population distribution. all of the above.

Answer: d Demography is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, population composition, population distribution.

How Much Do You Know About Migration? True or False? The United States is one of only a few nations that have “guest worker” programs or work-related visas that allow individuals to legally enter the country for a period of time to work and then return to their country of origin.

How Much Do You Know About Migration? False. Many nations, including England, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, as well as countries in the Middle East and in Africa, have guest worker programs of varying kinds.

How Much Do You Know About Migration? True or False? With regard to intentional migration, most people move to escape political or religious persecution.

How Much Do You Know About Migration? False. Most people move for economic reasons; however, political oppression and religious persecution are also factors in why some people leave certain countries.

Question If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm? City Suburban area Small town Farm

Growth in the World’s Population

Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900 Rank 2000 Influenza /pneumonia 1 Heart disease Tuberculosis 2 Cancer Intestinal disease 3 Stroke 4 Chronic lung disease Cerebral hemorrhage 5 Accidents

Leading Causes of Death in the United States 1900 Rank 2000 Kidney disease 6 Pneumonia and influenza Accidents 7 Diabetes Cancer 8 HIV Diseases in early infancy 9 Suicide Diphtheria 10 Homicide

Migration Two types of movement: Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

Population Composition The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. One measure of population composition is the sex ratio—the number of males for every hundred females in a given population. A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population.

Population Pyramid

Population Pyramid

Population Pyramid

Population Pyramid

Question There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. Strongly agree Agree somewhat Unsure Disagree somewhat Strongly disagree

Theories of Population Growth The Malthusian Perspective The Marxist Perspective The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective Demographic Transition Theory

Malthusian Perspective If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …) . The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

Marxist Perspective Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

The Neo-Malthusian Perspective Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. People should be encouraging zero population growth.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

Demographic Transition Theory

Question According to the demographic transition theory, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high while death rates decline in which stage of economic development? preindustrial early industrial advanced industrial postindustrial

Answer: b According to the demographic transition theory, significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high while death rates decline in the early industrial stage of economic development.

World Population in the Future World population is increasing 1.8% per year. Since many women are of childbearing age, replacement fertility results in more births than deaths. Demographic shifts contribute to a reduction in fertility rates and population growth.

Development of a City Three preconditions: A favorable physical environment. An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models Concentric zone model Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, characterized by a particular land use. Multiple nuclei model Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs and activities.

Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models Sector model Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes, with the most expensive areas occupying the best terrain.

Three Models of the City

Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: How women and men should think, feel, and act. How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. How women and men should relate to each other.

Simmel's View of City Life Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.

Gans's Urban Villagers Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.

Suburbs Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts.

Question All of the following are ecological models of urban growth, except the: concentric zone model. sector model. urban sprawl model. multiple nuclei model.

Answer: c All of the following are ecological models of urban growth, except the urban sprawl model.

Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models Capitalism and urban growth The capitalist class chooses locations for skyscrapers and housing projects, limiting individual choices by others. Gender regimes in cities Different cities have different ideologies regarding access to social positions and resources for men and women.

Conflict Perspective: Political Economy Models Global patterns of growth Capital investment decisions by core nations result in uneven growth in peripheral and semiperipheral nations.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism Simmel’s view of city life The intensity of city life causes people to become insensitive to individuals and events around them. Urbanism as a way of life Size, density, and heterogeneity of urban population result in elaborate division of labor and space.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Urbanism Gans’s urban villagers 5 categories of adaptation occur among urbanites, ranging from cosmopolites to trapped city dwellers. Gender and city life Cities offer women a paradox: more freedom than more isolated areas, yet greater potential danger.

The World’s Ten Largest Metropolises

Growth of the World’s Population

Quick Quiz

1. The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called: emigration traveling migration immigration

Answer: d The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called immigration.

2. The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called: immigration migration emigration traveling

Answer: c The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called emigration.

3. A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a: population composition population regression sex ratio population pyramid

Answer: d A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a population pyramid.

4. The Concentric Zone perspective tends to work better in: older industrial cities. cities that had few immigrants. cities that were small and manageable in size. cities mainly that were agricultural based.

Answer: a The Concentric Zone perspective tends to work better in older industrial cities.

5. According to Thomas Malthus: the population, if left unchecked would gradually reverse itself to fit with the natural laws in the universe. the population, if left unchecked would stabilize and maintain itself. the population, if left unchecked would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger. the population, if left unchecked would be motivated to improve food production to accommodate the larger population.

Answer: c According to Thomas Malthus the population, if left unchecked would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger.