INTRO TO AFGHANISTAN JIGSAW ACTIVITY With your small group: Research your assigned ethnic group Use the PACKET and at least one online source as resources. Create a GOOGLE SLIDE and share it to mmalaspi@fcusd.org Report back on the following: Percentage of population Socioeconomic status Ethnic or geographical origin Religion Language Current status in Afghanistan and/or neighboring countries

Turkmen Turkmen makeup 3% of the Afghan population. Turkmen are farmers by trade, and prior to the Taliban conquest of 1998 did very well. This is because the Turkmen occupied the majority of the fertile land in Afghanistan. Origin of Turkmen, also called Turcoman, Turkman or Turkoman, come from the Turkic-speaking tribes that emerged from Oghuz Khan, back in the seventh and eighth centuries One in every ten Turkmen is Orthodox Christian. The other nine practice some variety of Islam. Turkmen language, member of the Turkic language family, which is a subfamily of the Altaic languages. Turkmen were first represented in the Afghan government in 2004, when a Turkmen became the minister of education. It was under his direction that public schools began providing textbooks written in Turkmen. Currently Turkmen in Afghanistan are oppressed due to a resurgence of the Taliban and a loss of some of their land.

The Aimaq People Percent of Population: Under 8% Socioeconomic Status: Unkown Ethnic or Geographic Origin: More of a herding or farming tribe rather than ethnicity, semi-nomadic, Iranian and Mongolian origin Religion: Sunni Muslims Language: Dari Current Status in Afghanistan and/or neighboring countries: There have been few reports on the Aimaq since the invasion of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union in 1979.

Hazaras Percentage of Population: 9% Socioeconomic Status: lower class, menial labor, farming Ethnic Origin: Mongolian, possibly descended from Genghis Khan’s army Religion: Mostly Shiite Muslim Language: Persian dialect of Dari Current Status: Outsiders in Afghanistan, with slowly gaining political pull; they have now gained 25% of seats in Parliament, however there have been clashes between Hazaras and Kuchis, and there is increasing worry over the power of warlords Info from: http://minorityrights.org/minorities/hazaras/ http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/afghanistan-hazaras-160623093601127.html

Short Info - Pashtuns Percentage of population: 42 percent, they constitute the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, accounting for just under half of the population Socioeconomic status: Pashtuns and majority of poor Afghans belong to lower social classes like Hazaras and Gypsies Ethic or geographical origin: Pashtuns may have originated from old Iranian tribes that spread throughout the eastern Iranian plateau. Although it is largely unclear, Pashtuns can be traced back even further to the dissolution of the Epthaliets confederacy (the white huns); from which they then formed a union of east Iranian tribes. These tribes make up the bulk of the ethnic stratum that is the Pashtuns. Religion: Sunni Muslims Language: Pashtu is their native language Current status in Afghanistan and/or neighboring countries: They are the highest ethnicity on the social ladder and dominate governmental bodies. Neighboring countries are Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan.

Basic Facts: Uzbeks Percentage of the Population: 9% Uzbek Socioeconomic Status: Mostly farmers, herders, and craftsmen in northern Afghanistan Ethnic and Geographic Origin: Turkic tribes in Central Asia (a mixture between Mongolian and Iranian) Religion: Sunni Islam Language: Uzbek (a form of Turkic written in Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic Current status in Afghanistan: Repressed in the late 90s by the Taliban; closed border with Uzbekistan hurt trade and lowered socioeconomic status

Info: Baluchis % of Population: 2%; Extreme minority Socioeconomic Status: Traditionally nomads; Not much is known Ethnic Origin: Nomadic Tribe; Migrated from Syria during the Arab conquest in the 9th century Language: Baluchi, Dari, Pashtu Religion: Sunni Muslim

Nuristanis: An Ethnic Group Native to Eastern Afghanistan There are 12,000 Nuristanis people. The Nuristans live in the Kunar, Nangarhar, Laghman, and Parwan areas of Eastern Afghanistan. There are very few Nuristanis. Some travel to Kabul to gain access to schools. The area where the Nuristanis live was the scene of the first armed opposition to the Khalq government. The Nuristanis religion is Pre-Islamic. The Nuristanis predominantly Sunni who speak dialects of Dari and often also Pashtu. In the last 40 years, a shift from democracy to theocracy; the loss of traditional culture; resource deprivation; growing dependency; and decreasing clarity along community boundaries have occurred. :)

PASHTUN Make up 42% of the population in Afghanistan, 50 million nationwide Highest ethnicity in the social government and make up a majority of the governing body Official distinct language since 1936: Pashto Mainly Sunni Muslim Pashtun tradition asserts that they descended from Israelites Pashtuns are usually wealthy and intellectuals

UZBEK 9% of the population Minority group= farmers , herders & craftsmen Majority population of Uzbekistan, minority group of Afghanistan. Descended from the Turks 93% Sunni Muslim, 1% Shia Muslim, rest are Christian(Orthodox and Catholic) Eastern Turkish language (Karluk), Persian, Arabic and Russian influences. Low power positions, issues with forced labor and government.

Nuristanis, Aimaqs, and Baluchis Percentage of population: They make up 10% of the Afghan population, which is 3,200,000 people Socioeconomic status: Nuristanis are primarily farmers. Aimaqs are farmers and herders who live in a tribe like setting. Balochis are a nomadic tribe well known for their camel breeding. Ethnic or geographical origin: Mediterranean, Farisaw, Shi’a Persians, the Baluchis of the South, the Kuchi and Aimaq Religion: Sunni Muslims Language: Nuristanis: Indo-Iranian Subfamily of Indo-European languages and Pashai Aimaqs: Dari and their language belongs to the Indo European family Baluchis: Dari, Pashtu, Baluchi Current status in Afghanistan and/or neighboring countries: Nuristanis: Kunar Nangarhar, Laghman, and Parwan areas - Eastern Afghanistan - Mass killings, extortion, drug trafficking and forced displacement of the Nuristanis are still widespread Aimaqs: Western part of Afghanistan - Baluchis: Southern Afghanistan - Conflict with Pakistan

Turkmen in Afghanistan- ترکمن Makes up 3% of the population Low on social ladder because most of them are farmers and herders and they don’t hold positions of power Economy: Unemployment rate of 11% (relatively high), sixth largest reserves of natural gases and oil resources No easy access to education and many are poor; possesses great supplies but poor economy Religion: Sunni Muslims Language: Turkmen and they study Dari Ethnic/geographical origin: Turkmenistan in Central Asia Current status: education for women is more prevalent, still mostly farmers, turkman became the minister of education (first government position)

Hazara The percentage of the population is 9% Socioeconomic Status - Lower-class, almost exclusively Ethnic origin - Mongolian, specifically Genghis Khan Geographic Origin - Mongolia, Hazarajat Religion - Shi’ite Muslim Language - Most speak Dari, but many speak Pashtu as well Current Status - Although for a time it got better, the Hazara are now facing similar forms of ethnic extremism.

HOMEWORK: Due Tuesday, February 6 Look up each vocabulary term. Write clear definitions IN YOUR OWN WORDS in the spaces provided on the handout. (NB 16) Label each of the following places on the map: (NB 17) Afghanistan The Arabian Sea Uzbekistan Pakistan Iran Azerbajian India Tajikistan Kazakhstan China Kyrgyztan Turkmenistan Russia We will check these for accuracy. For BONUS in your NB, COLOR the map!