Endocrine System part 5A

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Pineal Gland Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain Secretes melatonin Believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Thyroid Gland Found at the base of the throat, inferior to the Adam’s apple Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus Follicles are hollow structures that store colloidal material Produces two hormones Thyroid hormone Calcitonin © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.6a The thyroid gland. Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Common carotid artery Isthmus of thyroid gland Trachea Left subclavian artery Brachiocephalic artery Left lobe of thyroid gland Aorta (a) Gross anatomy of the thyroid gland, anterior view

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Thyroid Gland Thyroid hormone Major metabolic hormone Controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy Needed for tissue growth and development Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target tissues © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.6b The thyroid gland. Colloid-filled follicles Figure 9.6b The thyroid gland. Follicle cells Parafollicular cells (b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland follicles (380x)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.6b The thyroid gland. Colloid-filled follicles Figure 9.6b The thyroid gland. Follicle cells Parafollicular cells (b) Photomicrograph of thyroid gland follicles (380x)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Parathyroid Glands Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis of the blood Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone Hypercalcemic hormone (increases blood calcium levels) Stimulates the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.7 Hormonal control of the level of calcium ions in the blood. Calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone. Thyroid gland releases calcitonin. Stimulus Rising blood Ca2+ levels IMBALANCE Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 ml BALANCE BALANCE Stimulus Falling blood Ca2+ levels IMBALANCE Thyroid gland Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood. Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Thymus Located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum Largest in infants and children Decreases in size throughout adulthood Produces a hormone called thymosin Matures some types of white blood cells Important in developing the immune system © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands Sit on top of the kidneys Two regions Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three layers that produce corticosteroids Mineralocorticoids are secreted by outermost layer Glucocorticoids are secreted by middle layer Sex hormones are secreted by innermost layer Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.8 Microscopic structure of the adrenal gland. Capsule Mineralocorticoid- secreting area Kidney Glucocorticoid- secreting area Cortex Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Medulla Cortex Sex hormone- secreting area Kidney Medulla Adrenal medulla

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands Hormones of the adrenal cortex Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) Produced in outer adrenal cortex Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions Regulate water and electrolyte balance Target organ is the kidney © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Adrenal Glands Hormones of the adrenal cortex (continued) Release of aldosterone is stimulated by: Humoral factors (fewer sodium ions or too many potassium ions in the blood) Hormonal stimulation (ACTH) Renin and angiotensin II in response to a drop in blood pressure Aldosterone production is inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone produced by the heart when blood pressure is too high © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 9.9 Major mechanisms controlling aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex. Decreased Na+ or increased K+ in blood Stress Hypothalamus Decreased blood volume and/or blood pressure Corticotropin- releasing hormone Anterior pituitary Increased blood pressure or blood volume ACTH Kidney Renin Heart Indirect stimulating effect via angiotensin Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Angiotensin II Direct stimulating effect Inhibitory effect Mineralocorticoid- producing part of adrenal cortex Enhanced secretion of aldosterone targets kidney tubules Increased absorption of Na+ and water; increased K+ excretion Increased blood volume and blood pressure