Part I – Setting the stage Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914 Part I – Setting the stage AP World History

Imperialism The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political and social life of the people of that nation

Phases of Imperialism When Countries Involved Causes Consequences Old Imperialism When 1450- 1750 Countries Involved England, France, Holland, Portugal and Spain Causes Gold God Glory Mercantilism Consequences Columbian exchange Wars over empires Slave Trade Native populations devastated.

Interlude Late 1700s – Late 1800s During this period very little imperialism was going on What world events were occurring that may have hindered Imperialism American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleonic wars, Latin American Wars for Independence, Industrial Revolution, Nationalist Revolutions.

Phases of Imperialism When Countries Involved Where? Resistance New Imperialism When 1870 - 1914 Countries Involved England, France, Portugal, Spain New “Players” – Germany, Italy, Belgium, US and Japan Where? Focus on Asia and Africa Resistance Natives are not decimated by disease – Conflict between Natives and colonists increase

Motives Need for raw materials and markets due to the Industrial Revolution Especially now that it had spread all over Europe – led to competition between industrial nations Exploitation of cheap labor Opportunities for investment (mines, railways, factories, etc.) Nationalism Desire for one’s country to get ahead in the domination of Africa and Asia and assert their political power Social Darwinism Christianize, Westernize, Civilize “White Man’s Burden” – Kipling Spread benefits of modern civilization (medicine, technology, law, sanitation, etc.)

Motives of New Imperialism The Industrial Revolution caused a need for resources to fuel industrial production in Europe and the United States Where would these resources come from? Africa Asia Latin America

Causes of New Imperialism Economic competition between European nations; new markets to sell their goods The need of European nations to add colonies to their empires as a measure of national greatness Growing racism, or the belief that one race was superior to another Because they were more technologically advanced, many Europeans and Americans felt they had the right to dominate the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America

Causes of New Imperialism Social Darwinism: the idea that those who were fittest for survival and success were superior to others Because of Social Darwinism, Europeans felt they had the right and duty to bring progress to other nations Need to Christianize the people of Asia and Africa Need to civilize and “westernize” others

What Enabled Imperialism? Europeans’ technological superiority (including the machine gun (Maxim Gun)) Improvements in transportation and communication to and within Asian and African colonies (Steam engines, Railroads, telegraph) Medical advances, such as Quinine, which protected Europeans from foreign diseases (malaria) African Unity African unity was difficult because of the many different languages and cultures. Europeans used African rivalries to their advantage. Exception – Battle at Isandhlwana: Well organized Zulu forces defeat the British

How were Europeans able to colonize so many people? Not only is the technology better, but the technology can be quickly and efficiently produced in mass quantities, as the result of industrialization.

During the 19th century, European countries (and eventually the U. S During the 19th century, European countries (and eventually the U.S. and Japan) practiced many types of imperialism, but when they chose to set up colonies, they used two different models – compared below. Types of colonies Settlement colonies Canada (& U.S. pre-revolution) Australia & New Zealand South Africa, Algeria, & Kenya Hawaii Destinations for European settlers Many European settlers; some had few natives, other had equal numbers of natives Dual goals: settlement and exploitation of natural resources Tropical Dependencies Africa Asia South Pacific Areas generally less appealing to European settlers Natives made up most of the population Main goal = exploitation of natural resources

Imperialism in 1914

Forms of Imperialism FORMS OF IMPERIALISM CHARACTERISTICS Colony A country or region governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Sphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges Economic Imperialism Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

Forms of Imperialism Types of Management INDIRECT CONTROL Examples Local government officials were used Limited self-rule GOAL: to develop future leaders Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules British India British West Africa British South Africa American imperialism in the Philippines and Latin America

Forms of Imperialism Types of Management DIRECT CONTROL Examples Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule GOAL: assimilation (the process in which a minority group adopts the customs of the prevailing culture) Government institutions based only on European styles Paternalism: people governed in a fatherly way where their needs are provided for but they’re not given rights French Algeria French West Africa French Indochina Belgian Congo German Southwest Africa

Effects of Imperialism On Colonizers Raw Materials Markets Power Spread Western Culture Christianity Cultural influences Competition = conflict New Global Economy On Colonies Education Technology Medical Care Infrastructure Loss of Culture Famine Focus: cash crops Loss of raw materials Tribalism Eventually nationalism

Economic Impact on Colonies Colonial rule affected the lives of its subject people in many ways, but the most pronounced change was in their ways of working. To various degrees, old ways of working were eroded almost everywhere in the colonial world. Subsistence farming, in which peasant families produced largely for their own needs, diminished as growing numbers directed at least some of their energies to working for wages or selling what they produced for a cash income. As in Europe, artisans suffered greatly when cheaper machine- manufactured merchandise displaced their own handmade goods. A flood of inexpensive textiles from Britain’s new factories ruined the livelihood of tens of thousands of India’s handloom weavers. Furthermore, Asian and African merchants were squeezed out by well- financed European commercial firms.

Eventually… Contradictions between what Europeans preached at home (remember all those Enlightenment ideas?) and what they practiced in the colonies became increasingly apparent. This will play a major role in undermining the foundations of colonial rule in the twentieth century.