AP European History Review Session #2 Absolutism, Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution, French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution

Overview Absolutism (and English Constitutionalism) the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era the Industrial Revolution

Absolutism the Key Questions what are the key countries to know? what theories support the Absolutism? how did Absolutism develop? why was England the exception?

Absolutism main countries Russia, Prussia, and France (of course) Ivan the Terrible Romanovs Peter the Great and his policies Prussia Hohenzollerns Frederick William (the Soldier King) Frederick the Great Junkers

France the path to Absolutism: Francis I French Wars of Religion Hapsburg rivalry controlling the Church French Wars of Religion development of Absolutism Cardinal Richelieu Thirty Years War Intendant System Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde Louis XIV Bossuet and divine right of kings Colbert and mercantilism Louis’s wars Versailles religion France and Europe’s premier power and cultural leader

the Exception – English Constitutionalism the Tudors  the Stuarts James I divine right of kings problems with Parliament the English Civil War Charles I and Parliament Petition of Right proroguing Parliament Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth the Restoration the Glorious Revolution

the Scientific Revolution astronomy and physics (and math) Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton medicine Vesalius Harvey

the Enlightenment key questions how was it connected to the Scientific Revolution? why did it start? where did it start? how did it affect governments?

the Enlightenment connection to the Scientific Revolution Bacon Descartes location: France and its salons key figures Hobbes (pre-Enlightenment) Locke (sort of Enlightenment) Voltaire Rosseau Montesquieu Diderot Smith Enlightened Despots: Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, Josef II

the French Revolution and Napoleon the Key Questions why did it start? why did it radicalize? how did the conservative reaction work? how did Napoleon affect Europe (and the world) in the short term? long term?

French Revolution causes of the French Revolution the Revolution Ancien Regime: 3 estates taxing the 3rd Estate Bourgeoisie’s desire for more political power the Revolution moderate stage: National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Great Fear, March on Versailles radical stage: Wars of the Revolution, a republic!, Jacobins and Girondins, Robespierre, the Committee of Public Safety and the Terror reactionary stage: Thermidorian Reaction, the Directory, Consulate, Napoleon

Napoleon reforms his fate Concordat of 1801 Napoleonic Code educational system lightening up on the peasants  independent peasantry his fate conquering Europe the Continental System Russian winters abdication, 100 Days, Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe

the Industrial Revolution the Key Questions where did it start and why? how are the causes linked to the Agricultural Revolution? the Commercial Revolution? Mercantilism? what are the effects? practical theoretical

Industrial Revolution what precedes it: Agricultural Revolution crop rotation Columbian Exchange Enclosure Movement Mercantilism Commercial Revolution Capitalism

Industrial Revolution when and where and why? power: coal, steam, oil textiles: Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, etc. transportation: steamships, trains, cars (later) results good: wages, cheaper goods, rising standard of living, middle class bad: working conditions, slums, pollution theories: Malthus, Ricardo, socialism Communism: Marx and Engels, dialectical materialism, class struggle, revolution

FRQ Practice Identify features of the eighteenth-century Agricultural Revolution and analyze its social and economic consequences. (2003 #2)