Rome

The Geography of Rome

The History of Ancient Italy

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion Architecture

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Republican Government 2 Consuls and Magistrates (Rulers and judges of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Punic Wars Rome vs Carthage Punic War I Punic War II and III

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

Decline of Republic Rapid growth; slaves and riches from conquered areas Patricians gained more wealth/land/power Creation of Equestrians (middle class); traders demanded more privileges from government Plebeians didn’t benefit from new wealth; led to civil war

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

Plebeian Revolt Patricians create Latifundia – estates worked by slaves; cheap labor and mass production Plebeians sell land to patricians/equestrians; move to city of Rome; relied on gov. handouts Gladiators and chariot races ($) Sold votes = decreased political power Patrician armies vs pro-plebeian generals for political control

The First Triumvirate 60 – 44 BCE Julius Caesar- Republic was ineffective for empire; champion for plebeian rights Marcus Licinius Crassus- wealthiest in Rome Gaius Magnus Pompey- respected and successful military general 3 men used $, military power, and plebeian votes to gain control Civil war ends in 60 BCE

The First Triumvirate 60 – 53 BCE 53 BCE – Crassus died Caesar vs Pompey for control of Rome (civil war) Caesar defeats Pompey in Italy and Greece 46 BCE – Caesar becomes sole ruler of Roman Empire (dictator) 44 BCE – murdered by Marcus Brutus and conspirators; claimed they were preventing king

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

Rome Under Caesar’s Rule Made army / gov. more efficient Increased size of Senate; rep provinces Extended citizenship to more people Improved the tax system Introduced more accurate calendar Created more jobs; cut unemployment in half People no longer receiving free grain

The Second Triumvirate 43-27AD Gaius Octavius aka Augustus Caesar- adopted son of Caesar; 1st emperor of Rome Marc Antony- friend and general under Caesar; fell in love with Cleopatra (Egypt) Marcus Lepidus- politician (consul)

The Second Triumvirate Marc Antony replaces Caesar; civil war begins with Brutus (43 BCE) Octavian and Antony defeat Brutus’ forces; become new rulers of Roman World Antony builds alliance w/ Cleopatra (Egypt) Battle of Actium (31 BCE)- Octavian wins sea battle; Antony/Cleopatra suicide

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus Beginning of Pax Romana (Roman Peace); lasted for 200 years peace, security, accomplishments Golden Age Rome expanded  prosperity Merchants traded w/ Han Empire (China), Parthian Empire (Middle East), and India Rome conquered Hellenistic civilization, Greece and Middle East

Greek Influences Greco-Roman Culture Architecture Sculpture Drama Literature Greek language Ideas

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

Emperors of Rome Bad Good Nero (54-68 AD) Murdered wife/mother Great Fire; destroyed ½ of Rome Persecuted Christians Vespasian/Titus (69-81 AD) Defeated Jews revolt in Palestine; destroyed Jerusalem Commodus (180-192 AD) Son of Marcus Aurelius Gladiator Econ/Pol problems Ended Pax Romana Good Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) Soldier, writer, philosopher wrote Meditations Died during plague (Black Death); killed ¼ of Roman population Constantine (306-337 AD) Reunited Roman empire; Byzantium 1st Christian Roman Emperor Edict of Milan (313 AD)

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

Fall of Rome (190-476AD) Roman Legions (military) weaken Gov. creates conscription Hiring non-Romans = no loyalty Barbarian tribes (Huns/Germans) Move into Roman territory Breakdown of law/order Economic breakdown - Unsafe trade routes, less $ circulation, tax evasion, slave revolts Disease / Birth rate decline - The plague (Black Death) killed ¼ of Roman population

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

Byzantine 476-1453 AD Kept Roman law and government Greco-Roman culture Greek language; Christianity Eastern Orthodox Church Constantinople (capital) Trading center, Black Sea - Aagean Sea

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Byzantine Justinian and Theodora (527-565 AD) Ruled together for 20 years Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire Conquered lands around Med Sea Italy, N. Africa, S. Spain Built churches, public buildings, forts around empire Compiled all Roman Laws Corpus of Civil Law (Code, Digest, Institutes)

Byzantine Christianity Created fine art and architecture Most advanced in medieval Europe Roads, palaces, churches, parks, schools, museums Hippodrome; chariot races Imports from far east; exports to Italy and Russia

Decline of Byzantium Bubonic/pneumonic plague Post Justinian death; military/building programs bankrupt Weak army; invaders Arabs, Turks, Serbs, Visigoths, Lombards “Dark Ages” (7th and 8th cen.) Lost majority of territory Shrank for 500 yrs. Asia Minor, S. Italy, Greece

Decline of Byzantium Late 1,000’s attacked by Seljuk Turks (Asia) Emperor asked Pope and Venice for help Crusaders looted Constantinople (1204 AD) Ottomans (Turks) attack 1261 AD

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch