Factors affecting poor health status Mehtab Karim Panel Discussion at SDPI December 4, 2017

Leete and Jones in the early 1990s, took quite a pessimistic view of prospects for South Asia: Coupled with high population growth rate, “endemic poverty, social conservatism, the low status of women, and ethnic and religious conflicts constrain government policies, severely reducing the possibility of sustained economic growth

Overall Adult Literacy Rate (% 15+) 33 76 43 79 30 69 However, during the past 25 years major improvements have occurred in all the indicators, at a much faster rate in Bangladesh and India, but at a slower rate in Pakistan. Indicator Bangladesh India Pakistan 1990 2016 GNP Per Capita (US $) 180 1,359 340 1,709 370 1,468 Overall Adult Literacy Rate (% 15+) 33 76 43 79 30 69 Female Adult Literacy Rate (% 15+) 22 70 29 60 19 44 Births attended by skilled personnel (%) 13 42 39 81 24 55 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 106 28 95 35 68 Expectation of Life at Birth (years) 51 72 59 67 Av. Population Growth Rate (past 10 years) 2.6 1.1 2.1 1.2 3.0 Total Fertility Rate (per woman) 4.9 4.1 2.3 6.6 3.9 Women in reproductive ages using contraceptives (%) 32 64 40 66 12 Human Development Index .186 .579 .308 .624 .311 .550 Sources: UNDP: Human Development Report and World Bank: World Development Report

SDGs affected by rapid population growth Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education… Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls… Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all… Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization… Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe… Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Population of Pakistan and Bangladesh (million): 1950-2040

Population Growth in Provinces of Pakistan as reported in Censuses conducted in 1951 to 2017

Annual Population Growth Rates