Created by OSCAR team October 2011 ID template 4.7.1 Created by OSCAR team October 2011

Welcome 1 This is a document to explains the chosen concept to the animator. This will take you through a 5 section process to provide the necessary details to the animator before starting the animation. The legend on the left will indicate the current status of the document. The big Black coloured number will denote the current section, the Grey color would denote the completed sections, and the Turquoise color would denote the remaining sections. The slides having yellow background (like this one) are the 'Instruction slides' 2 3 4 5

Boudin formation ‏ Boudinage structure results when a foliation is subjected to extensional force parallel to the foliation and also compression perpendicular to the foliation. Related LOs: Prior Viewing: Boudinage Future Viewing: Course Name: Boudinage development Level(UG/PG): UG Author(s) : Arpita Roy Mentor(s): Prof.Soumyajit Mukherjee Title of the concept *The contents in this file are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 India license

Learning objectives 1 After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to: Describe boudinage in structural geology Sketch the followings: a) Neck b) Pinch and Swell c) Separation gap 2 3 4 5

Definitions and Keywords 1 Boudin: Boudins are generally regularly shaped fragments formed by extensional force parallel to the foliation and/or, by compressional force perpendicular to the foliation Length of a boudin: The length has been considered as boudin axis. Length is measured along the longest direction Width: Width is measured in a section perpendicular to the boudin axis and parallel to the layering Separation gap: The distance between the two adjacent boudins is called separation gap.(in transverse section) Neck: The line along which the folded pattern shows maximum thinning is called neck or neck line 2 3 4 5

1 Master layout or diagram 2 3 4 5 Make a schematic diagram of the concept Explain the animator about the beginning and ending of the process. Draw image big enough for explaining. In the image, identify and label different components of the process/phenomenon. (These are like characters in a film)‏ Illustrate the basic flow of action by using arrows. Use BOLD lines in the diagram (minimum 2pts.)‏ In the slide after that, provide the definitions of ALL the labels used in the diagram You may have multiple master layouts. In this case, number the master layout. (e.g. Master layout 1, 2, 3…)‏ 2 3 4 5

Master Layout-1 Initially thickened layer that has been segmented into two rectangular type parts. These two parts are little bit curved on both side with a considerable width and thickness.

Master Layout-2 Compressional force The rectangular portion become flattened and curved due to applying compressional force perpendicular to the foliation (as it has shown in the figure).

Master Layout-3 C Boudin Boudin In this case the flattened curved segments become detouched from each other (due to compressional force). These two separated segments are termed as boudins.

3 Stepwise description of process 1 2 4 5 The goal of the document is to provide instructions to an animator who is not a expert. You have to describe what steps the animator should take to make your concept come alive as a moving visualization. Use one slide per step. This will ensure clarity of the explanation. Add a image of the step in the box, and the details in the table below the box. You can use any images for reference, but mention about it's copyright status The animator will have to re-draw / re-create the drawings Add more slides as per the requirement of the animation 2 3 4 5

Step No:1,rectangular block with considerable width and thickness 2 3 Fig. 1 Description of the action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Show the initially thickened layer become slightly curved and is going to be separated. 2) Time duration would be 1 sec Due to pulling force parallel to the layer, it has become curved and become separated forming a separation gap over there. Separation gap is to be displayed. 4 5

3 1 2 4 5 Step No: 2, Formation of pinch and swell Fig. 2 3 Description of the action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Show the slightly curved layers become folded. 2) Time duration would be 1.5 sec. The layer has become folded due to pronounced pulling apart force parallel to the layer The slightly flattened layers develop well folded pattern termed as scar fold as Passive fold or local fold. 4 5

3 1 2 4 5 Step No: 3 Final step and formation of boudin C Wavelength Fig. 3 Description of the action Audio narration Text to be displayed 1) Show that the folded layers become detouched with each other forming well shaped fold 2) Time duration would be 1.5 sec. Two separated folded pattern develop. (It is just like a flattened cake). Previously said local fold (was also defined in previous slide) become detouched due to increase of the intensity of the pulling force. 4 5

1 Animation design Please see the design template provided in the next slide. This is a sample template, and you are free to change as per your design requirements. Try and rename the tabs / buttons / sections / subsections as shown in the template. Use ‘callouts’ as shown above to explain the source of content. Ex: If the call out is placed at the Tab 01, and you want the content to be taken from slide 3 of this presentation, then place this callout on the Tab 01, and write ‘Slide 3’ inside the callout. 2 3 Slide 3 4 5

Time duration would be 1 sec and 1.5 sec respectively Slide 3 Introduction Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07 Interactivity area Button 01 Button 02 Button 03 Time duration would be 1 sec and 1.5 sec respectively Credits

Slide 3 Interactivity area Introduction Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Button 01 Button 02 Button 03 Fig. 3 The user has to give again compressional force in the green arrowed direction so that the folded part become isolated type. The timing should be of 1.5 sec for changing from Fig. 2 to Fig. C. Credits

Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners APPENDIX 1 Self- Assessment Questionnaire for Learners Please provide a set of questions that a user can answer based on the LO. They can be of the following types: These questions should be 5 in number and can be of objective type (like MCQ, Match the columns, Yes or No, Sequencing, Odd One Out). The questions can also be open-ended. The user would be asked to think about the question. The author is requested to provide hints if possible, but a full answer is not necessary. One can include questions, for which the user will need to interact with the LO (with certain parameters) in order to answer it. It is better to avoid questions based purely on recall.

Questionnaire: APPENDIX 1 1 1) How do the layer fold and boudin develop at the same time? Due to simultaneous action of the compressional and extensional forces. Thickened layer goes under pronounced extensional forces. Thickened layer goes under pronounced compressional forces Layer should be thin not thick. 2) Why do pinch and swell structures develop instead of boudins? When maximum thinning occurs in the competent layers Thinning is not a factor at all. Thickening should be occur. ‘Pinch and swell’ and boudins are same structures. 2 3 4 5

Questionnaire: 3) Sketch the material transport path inside a pinch and swell. a) Think of Pure shear. b) Extensional force Movement of the particle Compressional force Movement of the particle Movement of the particle

Questionnaire: C) Apply shear force d) None of these. Shear direction

Links for further reading APPENDIX 2 Links for further reading In the next slide, provide some reference reading material for the users. It could be books, reference publications, or website URLs.

Links for further reading APPENDIX 2 Links for further reading 1) Fossen, H., 2010. Structural geology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 272-273 2) Billings, M.P., 2008. Structural geology. Prentice Hall of India, Third Edition. Chapter. 19. Secondary Lineation. pp. 411-416 3) Twiss R.J., Moores M.E., 2007. Structural geology, W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 392-397 Books:

APPENDIX 3 Summary Please provide points to remember to understand the concept/ key terms of the animation, in the next slide. The summary will help the user in the quick review of the concept.

Summary Boudins are linear segments that are formed mainly due to extensional force, parallel to the foliation and/or, by compressional force, perpendicular to the foliation. There are different types of boudins such as Pinch and swell structures, tapered boudins etc. The process of formation of boudins is termed as boudinage.