What are some observations you have made about the moon? Do Now What are some observations you have made about the moon?

Chapter 28 Section 1 Earth’s moon

Earth’s Moon Background Lunar surface features include maria, craters, riles, ridges, regolith, and rocks. The moon is thought to be a chunk of Earth’s early mantle ejected as a result of a giant impact with a Mars-sized body When it cooled it developed three layers

Vocabulary *Satellite: a natural or artificial body that revolves around a celestial body that is greater in mass *Moon: a celestial body that revolves around a body that is greater in mass; a natural satellite *Mare: a large, dark area of basalt on the moon *Crater: a bowl-shaped depression that forms on the surface of an object when a falling body strikes the objects

Earth’s Moon A body that orbits a larger body is called a satellite 6 of the planets have smaller bodies that orbit around them-these natural satellites are also called moons

Earth’s Moon Timeline 1957:the Soviet Union launched Sputnik which was the first artificial satellite launched into space 1958: US launched its first artificial satellite that was named Explorer 1 Presently: there are 1,000 of artificial satellites including weather satellites and space telescopes

Exploring the Moon Between 1969 and 1972 the US sent 6 spacecraft to the moon as a part of the Apollo space program. *Apollo astronauts found that the moon’s weak gravity affected the way they moved Bouncing was more efficient than walking *The moon’s surface is not strong enough to hold gases so it has no significant atmosphere *Temperature can range from 134 degree C during the day to -170 degree C at night

Earth’s Moon Activity http://www.k12reader.com/reading-comprehension/Gr3_Wk20_Why_Does_the_Moon_Orbit_Earth.pdf

Earth’s Moon *The moon is the only other place in the solar system that humans have visited Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwZb2mqId0A -luna is latin for moon Satellite: a body that orbits a larger body -*Natural-non man made satellite; moons -*Artificial-man made; put into space *Gravity is about 1/6 the strength’s of Earth (No atmosphere; gravity isn't strong enough to hold gases)

Do Now Describe the surface of the moon

Lunar Surface *Lunar surface looks like light/dark patches -*light areas are highlands -*dark areas are cooled lava lowland plains called maria (Mare is latin for seas which Galileo thought these areas were) *Surface is covered in craters, riles (left over lava channels) & ridges (elevated rocks) *Regoliths are layered of crushed dust & rock *Moonlight is the light reflected by the Sun

Moon Layers Like Earth, the Moon has 3 layers *Moon’s 3 layers: core, mantle, & crust; caused by differentiation *Crust: one side of the moon always faces Earth->Near side *Near side of moon has thinner crust than far side (near side crust 60 km thick; far side 100 km thick) caused from Earth’s gravity during moon’s formation

Near side vs Far side of Moon

Moons Layers *The mantle is made of rock that is rich in silica, magnesium, and iron. *The mantle makes up more than half of the moon’s radius *Has a small iron core that has a radius of less than 700 km *Core is not completely solid or completely liquid

Moons Layers

How long does it take the Moon to orbit Earth? Do Now How long does it take the Moon to orbit Earth?

Moon’s Formation *Rocks taken from the moon help astronomer’s understand moon’s history *Giant Impact Hypothesis: theory behind moon’s formation; 3 stages

Giant Impact Hypothesis 3 stages *1st Stage: -Mars sized object hit Earth -Breaking chunks of the mantle -Debris revolved around Earth and joined together *2nd Stage: -Differentiation of layers *3rd Stage: -Meteorites created craters -Lava filled craters and basin creating maria

*There are 8 phases of the moon

Chapter 28 Section 2: Movements of the Moon The shape of the moon’s orbit around Earth is an ellipse Eclipses occur when on planetary body passes through the shadow of another The full moon phase shows a fully illuminated moon. Third quarter shows a half-moon (left side lit). New moon is not visible. First quarter shows a half-moon (right side lit) Tides result largely from the moon’s gravitational pull on Earth.

Vocabulary *Apogee (ap ugh jee): in the orbit of a satellite, the point that is FARTHEST from Earth *Perigee (per rig gee): in the orbit of a satellite, the point that is CLOSEST to Earth *Eclipse: an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another

Vocabulary *Solar Eclipse: the passing of the moon between Earth and the sun; during a solar eclipse, the shadow of the moon falls on Earth *Lunar Eclipse: the passing of the moon through Earth’s shadow at full moon *Phase: the change in the illuminated area of one celestial body as seen from another celestial body; phases of the moon are caused by the changing position of Earth, the sun, and the moon

The Moon’s Elliptical Orbit *The orbit of the moon around Earth forms an ellipse about 5% elongated than a circle. *Therefore, the distance between Earth and its moon varies over a month’s time When it is farthest, the moon is at apogee When it is closest, the moon is at perigee *Moon is approximately 384,000 km away

The Moon’s Elliptical Orbit

Perigee and Apogee Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvY-17Sqpzo Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkvlrWpsnuQ

What is the difference between apogee and perigee? Do Now What is the difference between apogee and perigee?

Moonrise and Moonset *The moon rises and sets at Earth’s horizon because of Earth’s rotation on its axis *The moon rises and sets 50 minutes later each night This happens because of both Earth’s rotation and the moon’s revolution

Lunar Rotation Because of the rotation and revolution of the moon, observers on Earth only see one side of the moon *Near side is all we see As the moon orbits Earth, the part of the moon’s surface that is illuminated by sunlight changes *Moon orbits Earth

Eclipses Eclipse: an event in which the shadow of one object falls on another *Shadows cast by Earth and the moon have 2 parts *Umbra: inner area where sunlight is completely blocked *Penumbra (pa num bra): outer part where sunlight is partially blocked

*Solar Eclipse Solar Eclipse: when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun Shadow of the moon falls on the Earth Total & partial eclipses

*Lunar Eclipses A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is positioned between the moon and the sun and when Earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon Lasts for several hours Sunlight is bent around Earth through out atmosphere The eclipsed moon appears to have a reddish color

Solar and Lunar Eclipse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVE8PFYlwSM

Explain the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse Do Now Explain the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse

Phases of the Moon *Moonlight is the light reflected from the Sun As it revolves around Earth different amounts of the moon (that faces Earth) are lighted ->apparently changing the shape of the visible moon Phases: the change in the illuminated area of one celestial body as seen from another *Lunar Phase=29.5 days

New & Full Moon *New Moon: when the moon is directly between the Sun & Earth (the moon is completely dark) *Full Moon: when Earth is between the moon & the Sun->the Moon is completely lit up

Crescent & Gibbous *Waxing: when the size of the lit part of the moon is increasing *Waning: when the size of the lit part of the moon is decreasing *Crescent: the shape of the moon is less than half *Gibbous: the shape of the moon is more than half but less than a circle

Tides *Tides: bulges in the ocean caused by moon’s gravitational pull Sun also cause tides but they are much smaller because the Sun is farther away

Phases of the Moon Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4ZHdzl6ZWg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkvlrWpsnuQ

Where is the Kupier Belt located? Do Now Where is the Kupier Belt located?

Chapter 28 Section 4 Asteroids are large, rocky bodies. Comets are smaller and are made of rock, ice, and dust. The Kupier Belt is located beyond the orbit of Neptune Meteoroids are small rocky bodies. The streak of light made when they burn up in the atmosphere is called a meteor. Any part that reaches the ground is called a meteorite. Most comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud.

Vocabulary *Asteroid: a small, rocky object that orbits the sun; most asteroids are located in the band between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter *Comet: a small body of rock, ice, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun and that gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun *Kupier Belt: a region of the solar system that starts just beyond the orbit of Neptune and that contains dwarf planets and other small bodies made mostly of ice.

Vocabulary *Oort cloud: a spherical region that surrounds the solar system, that extends from the Kupier Belt to almost halfway the nearest star, and that contains billions of comets *Meteoroid: a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space *Meteor: a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere

Small Body Space Objects Astronomers believe that the smaller bodies of the solar system are leftover debris from its formation *Small bodies include: Asteroids Comets Meteoroids

Video Clip Differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4R2fPct-jk

Where is the Oort Cloud and what is there? Do Now Where is the Oort Cloud and what is there?

Asteroids *Rock fragments that are the largest of the smaller space bodies that orbit the Sun More than 300,000 discovered Elliptical orbits Near-Earth asteroids: have wide, elliptical orbits that bring them near Earth

Asteroid Belt *Asteroid Belt: area between Mars & Jupiter where most asteroids orbit *2 possible causes of asteroid belt Planet that never formed Planet that was destroyed

Comets

Comets Comets: small bodies of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follow highly elliptical orbits around the sun *Parts of a Comet *Head -Core: the nucleus; made of rock, metal, & ice -Coma: cloud of gas & dust that surrounds the nucleus

Parts of a Comet 2. *Tail- forms when sunlight causes ice to change to gas; always points away from the Sun *Ion (gas) tail: inner area of tail *Dust tail: outer part made of dust

Video Clip Differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors Differences Chart: In your notebook make three columns Comets Meteors Asteroids

Draw and label the parts of a comet Do Now Draw and label the parts of a comet

Beyond Neptune *The Kupier Belt: thousands of small objects beyond the orbit of Neptune, including some comets reside here. *The Oort Cloud: where most of the comets come from; total mass is estimated to be between 10 to 40 Earth masses. The Oort Cloud helps scientists understand the history of the solar system

Oort Cloud & Kupier Belt

Meteoroids & Meteors *Meteoroids: small, rocky bodies Diameter of less than 1 mm Pieces of matter that become detached from passing comets or the result of collisions between asteroids *Meteor: (shooting stars) a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere *Meteor shower: large number of small meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere in a short period of time

*Meteoroid (space)-> Meteor (atmosphere)->Meteorite (Earth’s surface) *Meteorite: Meteoroid that hits the Earth Meteorite types: stony, iron, & stony-iron Meteorites

Comet, Asteroid, Planetary Comets Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dkn70eA1x2U Bill Nye the Science Guy Activity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkDLT-cBM8Q

Section 4 Summary *Asteroids are large, rocky bodies. Comets are smaller and are made of rock, ice, and dust. *The Kupier Belt is located beyond the orbit of Neptune *Meteoroids are small rocky bodies. The streak of light made when they burn up in the atmosphere is called a meteor. Any part that reaches the ground is called a meteorite. *Most comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud.

Meteor Shower OBX NC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPqkblONXtE