Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

How do psychologists describe the human memory system? Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Information-Processing Model How might this model be limited?

Sensory Memory A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. Iconic Memory- Sperling’s research Echoic Memory

Short-Term/Working Memory Short-term Memory Limited in duration and capacity Without active processing, have a limited life Working Memory: Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information Ex: Restaurant order, cramming for test

Long Term Memory Essentially limitless, but not a recording of events Stored memories are interfered with by attention issues, prior knowledge, and memory decay Explicit (declarative) memories Implicit (procedural) memories

Get out a sheet of paper

How We Encode Spring is the The most beautiful Time of the year. Automatic Processing vs. Effortful Processing SPACE, TIME, FREQUENCY, WELL-LEARNED INFORMATION Can effortful processing become automatic? Example: Reading Rehearsal is key! Rehearsal Demonstration Individually, do your best to recall and write down the gifts in the Twelve Days of Christmas song. Spring is the The most beautiful Time of the year.

How does the distribution of practice influence retention? Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents… Spacing Effect Serial Positioning Effect Primacy effect Recency effect Von Restorff Effect

What We Encode Deep vs. Shallow Processing What kind of encoding do you think yields the best memory? Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Semantic encoding The point to remember: The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on your making it meaningful!

Can you give examples of the following: Mnemonic Devices Peg-word system Method of loci Rosy retrospection Chunking Testing Effect Self-Reference Effect 770-578-7900

Retrieval: Getting info out RECALL the seven dwarves….. Can you add to the list by RECOGNIZING them…

Retrieval Cues: Context Matters Mood-Congruent Memory Context-Dependent Memory State-Dependent Memory

3 Sins of Forgetting Why is this difficult? 1. Encoding Failure i.e. absent mindedness Much of what we are exposed to, we never notice- examples… Which is the real penny? Why is this difficult?

3 Sins of Forgetting 2. Storage Decay Unused information will fade You will forget your classmates over time

3 Sins of Forgetting 3. Retrieval Failure Can’t access stored information Tip-of-Tongue phenomenon Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. “I can’t remember what we’re arguing about, either. Let’s keep yelling, and maybe it will come back to us.” Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.

3 Sins of Distortion Misattribution- source amnesia Ex: putting words in someone’s mouth Suggestibility- lingering effects of misinformation Ex: a leading question Bias- beliefs affect recollection We will discuss these when we watch Hank

Memory Construction Memories are not always what they seem. Elizabeth Loftus A constructed memory is a created memory. Misinformation effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZlPzSeUDDw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVWbrNls-Kw