Radio Navigation

Effective use of NAV instruments HDG 105° DME20 ALT = 5000ft Radial 140 Incercept: 345° CRS TO Do I turn left or right? Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

Radio Navigation For a successful navigation we need to: Understand how to use a map Understand the function of an OBI/RMI Understand the terminology Only after we can be fully able to navigate

How to use a map

How to use a map

Understand the RMI

Understand the RMI

Understand the RMI

Terminology

Terminology

Terminology

Terminology

Basic Rule for navigation Consider the compass instrument as a map. (needle) arrow ALWAYS FALL (RMI). (needle) tail ALWAYS RISE (RMI). The station is ALWAYS IN THE CENTER. The aircraft is ALWAYS ON THE TAIL.

Basic Rule for navigation Omni Bearing Indicator

Using OBI for navigation Omni Bearing Indicator Let’s remove numbers for the purpose of exercise

Using OBI for navigation I cannot determine accurate position whitout centering Accurate position is needed to carry out accurate navigation

Using OBI for navigation Step 1: center the instrument. It is not important if it falls To or From

Using OBI for navigation Where is the station?

Using OBI for navigation Where is the station? Always in the center of the instrument!

Using OBI for navigation Where is the aircraft?

Using OBI for navigation Where is the aircraft? Always on the tail of the needle! Which one is the tail?

Using OBI for navigation Where is the aircraft? Always on the tail of the needle! Look at the pointer TO/FROM

Using OBI for navigation I have no indication about the heading of the aircraft. Which radial do I want to intercept?

Using OBI for navigation Find the route I want to follow

Using OBI for navigation Find the route I want to follow

Using OBI for navigation bring selected route parallel from the center of the instrument, and find the desired heading

Using OBI for navigation Now start turning onto the new heading frist. Then move the OBS to select desired radial.

Using RMI for navigation Radio Magnetic Indicator

Using RMI for navigation Radio Magnetic Indicator Let’s remove numbers for the purpose of exercise

Using RMI for navigation Where is the station?

Using RMI for navigation Where is the aircraft?

Using RMI for navigation The heading of the aircraft is always upward. Now find the radial to intercept.

Using RMI for navigation Visualise the range of possible headings to intercept as desired

Using RMI for navigation Note that in this example a 90° intercept would bring us intercepting the reciprocal radial. If radial has to be inbound, leave adequate turn distance

Using RMI for navigation Once selected a heading turn onto that heading, the RMI allow monitoring of intercept progress

Using RMI for navigation Coming back on numbers, let’s monitor this intercept I turn 45° on the left, new heading 325°

Using RMI for navigation Coming back to basic rules: Arrows always falls, Tails always rise. Will the needle move toward the blue cross?

Using RMI for navigation Yes, the aircraft is leaving the station behind on the left wing: Arrows always falls, Tails always rise.

Using RMI for navigation To intercept the radial inbound, shall I turn left or right?

Advanced Use of RMI I read DME20, and wish to intercept radial 220 at DME 10 From such point I will join a left DME10 arc until radial 090 Can you see the intended track?

Advanced Use of RMI Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME.

Advanced Use of RMI Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME. Find desired Radial

Advanced Use of RMI Draw distance circles, my aircraft is at 20DME. Find desired Radial Find desired DME

Advanced Use of RMI Find desired heading to reach the point and see the subsequent turn and arc.

Advanced Use of RMI Find desired heading to reach the point and see the subsequent turn and arc.

Flying DME arcs. The direction of the arc as left or right is referred to the direction of turns once established in the arc.

Flying DME arcs. The direction of initial turn depend from the inbound/outbound arrival. The arc is flown as straight segments of approximately 10 degrees

Advanced Use of RMI Enter the 10NM Arc to the left. Actual DME read 20NM

Advanced Use of RMI Proceed inbound the station until DME reads 10 plus leading distance. Make short legs of 10 degrees.

Advanced Use of RMI Once the DME reads 10 keep yourself abeam the station

Advanced Use of RMI If DME is correct the abeam will fluctuate from 5° above and below

Advanced Use of RMI If DME read more than 10NM (i.e. wind) you will keep yourself in a position that allow to re-enter the arc, still turn every 10 radials.

Advanced Use of RMI If DME read less than 10NM (i.e. wind) you will keep yourself in a position that allow to re-exit the arc, still turn every 10 radials.

Advanced Use of RMI HDG 105° DME20 ALT = 5000ft Radial 140 Incercept: 345° CRS TO Do I turn left or right? Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

Advanced Use of RMI HDG 105° DME20 ALT = 5000ft Radial 140 Incercept: 345° CRS TO Do I turn left or right? Do I fly heading 315° or 015°?

Advanced Use of RMI

Advanced Use of RMI turn left or right? hdg 315° or 015°?