+ Essential Questions 1. How did problems in Japanese society and the opening of Japan to other countries lead to the Meiji Restoration? 2. Describe the main reforms under the Meiji government.

+ Isolation Early 1600s: Japan ruled by shoguns (supreme military dictators) 1603: Tokugawas seized power, forbade Japanese people to travel overseas, closed Japan to foreigners, re-imposed feudalism 200 years: Japan developed in isolation

+ Isolation Problems Internal commerce expanded, agricultural production grew, cities developed Financial hardship/ tension between social classes- merchants: lowest on social ladder, peasants heavily taxed Government tried to revive traditional ways, emphasizing farming over commerce Not very successful 1800s: shoguns no longer strong leaders corruption, discontent

+ July 1853 Fleet of armed American ships led by Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay Delivered a letter from Millard Fillmore, president of the U.S., demanded Japan open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange

+ Unequal Treaties Japan could not defend itself against the U.S. Navy Treaty of Kanagawa: created treaty that opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships, but not for trade U.S. soon won trading and other rights (extraterritoriality, low taxes on American imports

+ Foreign Pressure Deepened social, economic unrest 1867: discontented daimyo (landowning warrior lords) and samurai revolted, unseated the shogun, “restored” 15 year old Mutsuhito to power Took the name Meiji: “enlightened rule” Moved capital to Tokyo

+ Meiji Restoration : movement to strengthen Japan New leaders studied Western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs, keep Japan from from having to give in to the West Wanted to build a modern industrial economy and replace rigid feudal order

+ Meiji Transformation Wanted to create a strong, central government, adopted German model 1889: Meiji Constitution: all citizens were equal before the law, gave the emperor absolute power, create a legislature (Diet- one house elected, other appointed by emperor), limited voting rights Created separate departments to supervise finance, army navy, and education

+ Industrialization Made economy a major priority, encouraged businesses to Westernize Set up modern banking system, built railroads, improved ports, organized telegraph/postal system Zaibatsu: powerful banking/industrial families who bought businesses from the government to develop them

+ Effects 1890s: industry booming, silk manufacturing soared Shipyards, copper, coal mining, steel industry made Japan an industrial powerhouse Population grew rapidly, migration to cities

+ Japan Modernizes Chapter 13 Section 1

+ Essential Questions 1. How did problems in Japanese society and the opening of Japan to other countries lead to the Meiji Restoration? 2. Describe the main reforms under the Meiji government. 3. What factors contributed to Japan’s drive for empire?

+ EQs 1& : Tokugawas- Developed in isolation Forbade travel overseas, closed Japan to foreigners, re-imposed feudalism July 1853: Matthew Perry (U.S.) demanded Japan start opening ports Treaty of Kanagawa Meiji Restoration Studied Western ways, built modern industrial economy Meiji Constitution: all citizens equal, new legislative brand (modeled after Germany)

+ Success Modernized quickly Constitution ended legal distinctions between classes Government set up schools, a university, hired Westerners to teach technology Had a strong sense of identity, a homogeneous society- people shared a common culture, language Economic growth, experience in learning and adapting ideas from foreign nations

+ Japanese Imperialism Japan’s economic needs fueled imperialism Small island nation, lacked resources needed to industrialize Because of dependency and ambition to compete with West, built modern army and navy to competed for power in East Asia

+ Korea Had been a tributary state to China independent but acknowledged supremacy of China Had own traditions, government, shut doors to foreigners except China, Japan 1800s: faced pressure from outsiders Chinese power declined, Russia expanded into East Asia Japan industrialized, forced Korea to open ports to Japanese trade (1894)

+ Sino-Japanese War Japan expanded influence in Korea, came into conflict with China 1894: competition led to First Sino-Japanese War Japan won easily, used victory to gain treaty ports in China and control over Taiwan, joining in the race for empire

+ Russo-Japanese War 1904: Japan’s armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria, destroyed almost an entire Russian fleet First time in modern history: Asian power humbled a Western power 1905: Treaty of Portsmouth- Japan gained control of Korea and made it a protectorate, rights in parts of Manchuria 1910: annexed Korea and started to modernize

+ Resentment Japanese were unpopular in Korea, imposed harsh rule on the colony, wanted to get rid of Korean language and identity Caused a Korean nationalist movement 9 years later: nonviolent protest against the Japanese March 1, 1919: spread throughout Korea, Japanese crushed uprising and massacred Koreans became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists

+ 1. Why did Japan need to imperialize? 2. Which two nations were threatening China’s position in Korea? 3. What did Japan gain from the Sino-Japanese War? 4. Why was the Russo-Japanese War so important? 5. What were the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth? 6. Why did the Koreans resent the Japanese? 7. What was the significance of the March 1 st movement?