Warm up Manifest destiny review Oregon Trail Santa Fe Trail Led American settlers to overthrow Mexican rule in Northern California, established the Republic of California Proposed an amendment to a bill that would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico Purchase of present-day southern New Mexico and Arizona for $10 million from the Mexican govt Led U.S. troops to the Rio Grande river, starting the Mexican-American war when Mexico thought they had been invaded Fur traders and trappers that provided information about trails and frontier conditions for later settlers Trail that extended from Independence, Missouri to Portland Trail that extended from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe Forbid natives from settling near or around popular trail areas Oregon Trail Santa Fe Trail Treaty of Fort Laramie Mountain Men Gadsden Purchase Wilmot Proviso John C. Fremont Zachary Taylor

Discovery Gold discovered on John Sutter’s Mill in 1848. Thousands flooded in to attempt to find gold by 1849. Attracted Americans, Most forty-niners were young and male John Sutter

Gold and Silver Strikes The CA Gold Rush began in 1849, attracting thousands of gold hunters known as forty-niners.

San Francisco Travel hub between those traveling by sea to get to California gold country April 1848 population: 850 December 1849 population: 25,000 Major growth Culturally diverse Lawlessness/ fighting

Life in the Mining Camps There was “a row of canvas tents, [months later] there were two thousand men…and the streets were lined with drinking saloons and gambling tables.” -Luzena Wilson, mining wife at Coyote Diggings camp Fights over claim boundaries Often took “justice” into their own hands “In the short space of twenty-four hours we have had murders, fearful accidents, bloody deaths, a mob, whippings, a hanging, and attempt at suicide, and a fatal duel.” -Louise Clappe

In the Field Hard, tedious work Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted Panning 16 hour days Hard, tedious work Long days digging up mud, dirt, and stones while standing knee-deep in icy streams “The day of quick fortune-making was gone. There are thousands of men now in California who would gladly go home if they had the money.” –Miner, 1851

Chinese Immigrants Originally welcomed by Californians! Once mining became difficult, attitudes towards immigrants changed. 1852, state legislature passed law requiring foreign miners to pay monthly fee to mine. Most immigrants left, Chinese immigrants paid the tax and stayed Americans began to bully Chinese into leaving Many Chinese then left the mines to open businesses or begin farms. From 1848-1852 more than 20,000 Chinese immigrated to California (In 1852, 1 in 10 Californians was Chinesecutting their queues (braids) and burning their shacks

California becomes the 31st state! The Compromise of 1850 Late 1849-California applied to enter the Union with a constitution preventing slavery, \ According to the Compromise of 1850, proposed by Kentucky’s Senator Henry Clay, California was allowed to enter as a free state, while the territories of Utah and New Mexico were left open to decide the question for themselves. California becomes the 31st state! provoking a crisis in Congress between supporters of slavery and abolitionists.

Legacy Positive Negative By 1850, California had enough people to become the first state in the far west Diverse group of both immigrants and emigrants Economic opportunities Native American population dropped drastically from warfare and disease (between 1848-1870 population went from 150,000 to 30,000) Many Californios lost their land to newcomers During the Gold Rush, 250,000 people flooded into California. Over $2 billion worth of precious metals were extracted during the Gold Rush $81 million in gold was extracted by 1852 (then $45 million annually through 1857)

Image Analysis As you glance at the next few images, note the following: What kind of image is it? When was this image created? Who created this image? How has the setting changed? Population, boats, cars, streets, etc?

“View of San Francisco in 1846-1847 before the Discovery of Gold” Artist: Bosqui Eng. & Print Company Date created: 1884 (designed and copied from views taken at the time). Image retrieved from the Library of Congress at https://www.loc.gov/item/74693207/

“San Francisco” Artist: Frank Marryat Date created: 1850 Image retrieved from the Library of Congress at https://www.loc.gov/item/92522389/

“San Francisco, 1862, from Russian Hill” Artist: C.B. Gifford Date created: 1862 Image retrieved from the Library of Congress at https://www.loc.gov/item/96505333/