Social Development Standards 4ci-iv 4ci - Examine attachment in childhood & its role in the subsequent formation of relationships 4cii - Discuss potential effects of deprivation or trauma in childhood on later development 4ciii - Define resilience 4civ - Discuss strategies to build resilience

John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory (1951) Mother child attachment is biologically necessary Proximity maintenance, safe haven, separation distress are key features Visual system develops and ability to discriminate between primary caregiver and others improves Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop around 7-8 months Interactional synchrony b/w mother and child © Christina Kennedy/ PhotoEdit

Internal Working Model Biologically motivated, environmentally constructed – EXPERIENCE Ideas about attachment figure and expectations for behavior Ideas about self Ideas about self and how others relate Mary Ainsworth then operationalized Bowlby’s theory

Attachment Differences – Ainsworth’s Strange Situations Studies (1967 & 1971) Type A – Avoidant – 20% Type B – Securely Attached - 70% Type C – Ambivalent - 10% Type D added by Main and Solomon is insecure-disorganized/disoriented

Factors in Attachment & Cross Cultural Studies Parental Sensitivity Infant Temperament Familial Circumstances Not an etic concept Main (2000)argues what is normative is based on support for the child – in its absence avoidant becomes the norm Japanese have no Type A but many more Type C compared to Western World

Evaluate Ainsworth’s Study Using Companion Guide pg. 199 as a guide – discuss at your tables all of the MEGA-C concepts related to Ainsworth Have one person bullet point responses for each concept

Love vs. Acceptance and Attachment TED – Love No Matter What – 22 min http://www.ted.com/talks/andrew_solomon_love_no_matter_what

Attachment Theory in Other Relationships If you didn’t focus on application of attachment theory in romantic relationships, take some time to review Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) research from the Companion book pg. 200-201 Discuss the application of attachment theory in terms of romantic relationships

Origins of Attachment Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the effects of nourishment, body contact, and familiarity on infant social attachment.

Origins of Attachment Like bodily contact, familiarity is another factor that causes attachment. In some animals (goslings), imprinting is the cause of attachment. Alastair Miller

Secure Attachment Relaxed and attentive caregiving becomes the backbone of secure attachment. Berry Hewlett

Insecure Attachment Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

Attachment Differences: Why? Why do these attachment differences exist? Factor Explanation Mother Both rat pups and human infants develop secure attachments if the mother is relaxed and attentive. Father In many cultures where fathers share the responsibility of raising children, similar secure attachments develop.

Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety peaks at 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care.

Deprivation of Attachment What happens when circumstances prevent a child from forming attachments? In such circumstances children become: OBJECTIVE 14| Assess the impact of parental neglect, family disruption, and day care on attachment patterns and development. Withdrawn Frightened Unable to develop speech

Prolonged Deprivation If parental or caregiving support is deprived for an extended period of time, children are at risk for physical, psychological, and social problems, including alterations in brain serotonin levels. TED - The Tragedy of Orphanages – 10 minutes http://www.ted.com/talks/georgette_mulheir_the_tragedy_of_orphanages

Day Care and Attachment Quality day care that consists of responsive adults interacting with children does not harm children’s thinking and language skills. However, some studies suggest that extensive time in day care can increase aggressiveness and defiance in children.