Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500 Section 1 Church reform and the Crusades

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The Age of Faith Between 500 and 1000 the Church faced many problems Poor leaders Invasion and attack Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival spread across Europe Led by monasteries (most important was founded in 910 in Cluny, France) Reformers wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion The Age of Faith

Problems of the Church There were still problems in the Church despite the revival of spirituality. Some priests were nearly illiterate. Bishops cared more about their positions as lords than as spiritual leaders. 3 main problems Many village priests married and had families Positions in the Church were being sold by bishops, a practice called simony Lay investiture put kings in control of Church bishops

Reform Popes enforced Church law against simony and the marriage of priests. The Church developed its hierarchy as well as canon law. The Church collected tithes and used some of the money to perform social services such as caring for the sick and the poor. New religious orders formed through friars traveling and preaching the Church’s ideas Dominic founded the Dominicans Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans Women joined these new orders as well. Clare, a friend of Francis’, founded the Franciscan order for women.

The Crusades The Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest Pope Urban II called for a “holy war”, or a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land Many people followed the call to fight because Urban assured that those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven. Battle Cry: “God wills it!” The ultimate goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Land, or Palestine, from the Muslims. Many crusades were fought over a 200 year period

The Crusades The crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives. The Byzantine Emperor asked for help. The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine from the Muslims and reunite Christendom. Kings saw the crusades as an opportunity to get rid of quarrelsome knights. Younger sons in families went to fight in the Crusades because they would not inherit their father’s property. Merchants profited from making cash loans to finance the crusaders.

The First Crusade Constantinople – 1097 Army of 12,000 Crusaders Crusaders were ill-prepared Unaware of geography, climate, and culture of the Holy Land No significant leader No strategy to capture Jerusalem July 15, 1099 the crusaders captured Jerusalem

The Second Crusade In 1144 the Muslims recaptured a part of Jerusalem called Edessa The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city. 1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader Saladin

The Third Crusade The Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem was led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs French king Philip II German emperor Frederick I English king Richard the Lion- Hearted By the time the attack happened, only Richard was left to lead the Crusaders. Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce in 1192 Jerusalem remained under Muslim control Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed. The Crusaders did not reach the Holy Land and instead looted Constantinople There were 4 more Crusades in the 1200s, none of which were successful. The Children’s Crusade took place in 1212. Thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. One group in France was led by 12 year old Stephen of Coyles 30,000 children followed him Many died on their way to Jerusalem of cold and starvation Others drowned or were sold into slavery

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The Spanish Crusade Muslims, or Moors, controlled most of Spain until the 1100s The Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain By the 1400s the Muslims had only a small kingdom in Spain Christian monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella finally took total control of Spain in 1492

The inquisition Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to increase their power and unify Spain under Christianity. The Inquisition was an investigation held by the Church to suppress heresy Heretics – people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church Inquisitors suspected Muslim and Jewish converts of heresy People being questioned were also tortured Suspects who confessed were burned at the stake Spain expelled all practicing Muslims and Jews by 1492.

Effects of the Crusades The Crusades are an example of the power of the Church during the medieval period. The overall failure of the Crusades lessened the power of the pope, weakened the feudal nobility, and increased the power of kings. The fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire. The crusades stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia New goods: spices, fruits, and cloth A legacy of bitterness, hatred, and prejudice was left between Christians and Muslims

Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500 Section 2 Changes in Medieval Society

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European Social Progress 1000-1300 Medieval society progressed in agriculture, trade and Finance Towns and cities grew Education grew Population grew

Growing Food supply New farming strategies increased the food supply which was needed by the growing population 800-1200 – warmer climate Switch from oxen to horses to pull plows Switch to three-field farming system 2/3 of land was used at one time and 1/3 was left fallow As food supply increased, population increased and people were better able to resist disease and live longer

Trade and Finance Expand Because population was growing, trade and finance also grew Guilds developed which were organizations of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members. The first guilds were merchant guilds. Controlled all wages and prices Enforced standards of quality The wealth the guilds acquired helped them establish influence over the government and the economy of towns and cities.

Commercial revolution Increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business changed life in Europe This expansion of trade and business is called the Commercial Revolution. Most trade took place in towns. People left the manor to attend fairs where they traded their homemade items with people from all over Europe. Goods from foreign lands became available. Italy, Asia, Constantinople, the Mediterranean region

Commercial revolution As merchants traveled from fair to fair they needed large amounts of cash or credit and ways to exchange many types of currencies. Banking, started by the Church, becomes an important business The Commercial Revolution had a major effect on the lives of Europeans. Changed what people did to earn a living Changed where people lived Towns grew into cities

Urban Life Flourishes As trade grew, towns grew Many people abandoned the manor to live in a town Towns developed near ports, crossroads, and rivers More economic and social opportunities Burgher – town dweller living conditions in towns were rough Narrow, animal-filled streets No sewers or garbage removal No bathing or clean water Wooden housed caused fires

Revival of Learning Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning The university developed in Western Europe “university” originally referred to a group of scholars who met and learned and taught Paris, Italy, and England by the 1100s Students of universities were sons of burghers and artisans Goal was a job in government or the Church

Revival of Learning New ideas came out of the universities. Scholars were writing in Latin, but some poets started using the vernacular, or the everyday language of an area Ex. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales” Using the vernacular made literature accessible to many people Renewed interest in the works of Greek philosophers Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica inspired by Aristotle. Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at universities were known as schoolmen, or scholastics.