Macromolecules

Carbon Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms

Isomers Structural = Difference in covalent bonds Cis-trans = Difference in arrangement around double bond Enantiomers = Difference in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

Pharmacological Enantiomers

Awakenings

Thalidomide

Chemical Groups

Functional Groups

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (not classified as a macro) Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides Aldehyde or Ketone with hydroxyl groups

Glucose

Disaccharides Glycosidic linkages – connection between two monosaccarides

Polysaccharides (Storage)

Polysaccharides (Storage)

Cellulose (Structural)

Chitin (Structural)

Lipids - Hydrophobic Triglycerides Ester Linkages Glycerol Three fatty acids Ester Linkages

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Trans fat – hydrogenated oils

Phospholipids

Lipid Functions Energy storage Cushions internal organs Insulation Membrane Structure Water storage Toxic storage Chemical Messengers

Proteins

Peptide Bonds

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Hemoglobin

Protein Functions Structural Storage Transport Hormonal (Coordination of body activities) Receptor Movement (Contractile and motor) Defensive Enzymes

Nucleic Acids