Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1.1 Page 37

Renaissance Means “Rebirth” In terms of art and learning Goal to bring back culture & life of classical Greece and Rome

City States Northern Italy grew Overseas trade caused by crusades Norther Italy Urban, Rest of Europe Rural 1300’s bubonic plague struck the cities hard Fewer laborers= higher wages Business pursued other interests - Art

Merchants Did not inherit social rank Had to work hard & became extremely involved in politics Late 1200’s Florence came under influence of a banking family Medici 1434 Won control of Florence’s government Influenced ruling council by giving them loans Passed the dictatorship down to his grandson

Studying History Renaissance scholars looked down on the art of the middle ages Wanted to return to the learning of the greeks and romans Grew inspiration from the Ruins of Rome Studied old manuscripts

Worldly Values Humanism - an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements Secular - Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now Enjoy life without offending God & could enjoy luxuries Patrons - financially supporting artists Self portraits

Men & Women Men who excelled in many fields Praised as “Universal Man” or “Renaissance Men” Women expected to know classics & be charming Not to seek fame Inspire art but not create it Little influence in politics

Artists Leonardo da Vinci - Mona Lisa Raphael - Madonna & Child Donatello - David Michelangelo -

Machiavelli Wrote The Prince Political Guide Book

The Northern Renaissance 1.2

Main Idea In the 1400’s the ideas of the Italian Renaissance began to spread to Northern Europe

Northern Renaissance 1450 - population began to grow from bubonic plague Cities grew after 100 years war England & France monarchs sponsor monarchs French King invades Italy Italian artists flee North to safety

Writers Italians bring classical languages & texts to the North Use to examine the church Utopia An imaginary place where greed corruption & war have been weeded out.

Elizabethan Age Renaissance spread to England Named after Queen Elizabeth I Shakespeare Famous writer of the day

Printing Gutenberg changed the ways of printing Made it easier for books to be made Were made cheaper, faster & more widespread

Legacy of Renaissance Period of Great Social Change Changed Arts to model various ideal Changed society Spread of word More books new maps/discoveries Laws Question Religious practices

Luther Leads the Reformation 1.3 Page 54

Causes of Reformation Printing spread ideas of secular & individual Rulers challenge churches political power Merchants in Germany started the movement

Problems with Church Leaders were corrupt Fought wars & spent on personal pleasures Pope Alexander VI admitted to fathering many children Some married, drank, gambled excessively & could barely read

Martin Luther Monk & Teacher Took a stance against Johann Tetzel Selling indulgence to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral Wrote 95 Theses

Luther Cont. 3 main ideas People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.

Response Popes Threat Excommunicate Luther Emperor's Opposition Holy Roman Emperor summoned Luther to stand trial Princes loyal to pope signed a agreement to join forces Princes loyal to Luther signed a protest & became known as Protestants

England Henry VIII Wanted a son Wanted to divorce first wife, Pope refused to annul the marriage Henry asks parliament to get rid of churches power over England

England Cont. Henry Secretly marries Anne Boleyn Parliament approved Act of Supremacy - Breaking ties with the pope Anne failed to give a son - Accused of treason & beheaded Henry marries Jane Seymour - She gives a son but dies Henry marries 3 more times

Elizabeth Puts England to Protestantism Makes England relatively peaceful with religion

The Reformation Continues 1.4 Pg. 61

Calvin Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Said God chooses very few people to save & people could not earn salvation Doctrine was called predestination & religion based on Calvin "Calvinism

Calvin Cont. Ideal Gov. was Theocracy - A government controlled by religious leaders

Other Reforms Anabaptists - people who were baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults Church & state should be separate Women - some influence over husbands to influence reforms

Catholic Reformation Helping Catholics remain loyal Also called Counter Reformation

Reforming Popes Council of Trent The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Anyone who said different was a heretic Christians needed faith & good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone. The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the selling of indulgences was banned

Reforming Popes Cont. List of books dangerous to Catholic faith Index of Forbidden Books Burn over 10,000 books