Option B Topics B5: Nutrients IB Chemistry Mr. Thomson AISB

Syllabus Statements B.5.1 Outline the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients.

Micronutrients Substances required in very small amounts (mg or μg) Mainly function as a co-factor of enzymes (<0.005% body weight) Essential for proper cell function Do not provide energy Examples include vitamins and trace minerals (Fe, Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co and B) Not produced by the body (except for Vitamin D)

Macronutrients Chemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight) Carbs and fats supply energy Proteins are required for growth and maintenance of the body Examples include proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S and Cl)

Syllabus Statements B.5.2 Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). B.5.3 Deduce whether a vitamin is water- or fat-soluble from its structure.

Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Vitamin A Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Vitamin D Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Vitamin C Water soluble or fat soluble? Why? Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

Water soluble vs. Fat soluble Must be taken (almost) every day. B-Vitamins Vitamin C Since they can be stored in fat, they do not need to be taken every day. Vitamin A, D, E and K

Syllabus Statements B.5.4 Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutions.

Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects Iron Deficiency Anemia (blood disorder: lack of red blood cells) Insufficient oxygen is carried to the cells, leading to fatigue. Iodine Deficiency Goiter (swelling in the neck due to enlarged thyroid gland) Vitamin A (Retinol) Dry eyes, due to failure to produce tears Early symptom is night blindness

Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagra Symptoms include diarrhea, dementia and skin rash Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Beriberi Affects the muscles, heart, and nerves Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Scurvy Bleeding lesions on the legs and thighs Soft, rotten gums

Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects Vitamin D (Calciferol) Rickets Malformation and softening of bones Vitamin D protects the teeth and bones against the effects of low calcium intake by making effective use of both calcium and phosphorus.

Macronutrient Deficiencies and their effects Protein Deficiency Marasmus Severe protein and calorie deficiency in children under one year of age. Results in growth retardation and wasting. Victims are emaciated and body mass may be as little as 20% of nromal. Kwashiorkor Malnutrition from insufficient protein in the diet in children over 18 months old. Leads to edema (swelling), fatigue, decreased immunity, lethargy, muscle weakness, slow growth and development, weight loss

Macronutrient Deficiencies and their effects Calcium Deficiency Osteoporosis Sodium Deficiency Cramps

Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies Balanced Diet High in fruits and vegetables Additives Vitamin A to margarine Vitamin B to flour Vitamin C to juices Vitamin D to milk

Solutions to Vitamin Deficiencies Providing food composed of fresh vitamin-rich and mineral-rich foods Brown rice, whole grains, fruits and vegetables (Vitamin B1) Fish, poultry, nuts and cereals (Vitamin B3) Fruits and green vegetables (Vitamin A and C) Milk and dairy products (Calcium) Adding nutrients missing in commonly consumed food. Iodine added to salt

Solutions to Vitamin Deficiencies Genetic modifications Create food so that foods contain essential nutrients that would not naturally be present Nutritional supplements Many vitamins and minerals can be obtained through supplements Selenium supplements Particularly for people eating foods grown in selenium-poor soil Iron rich foods Green leafy vegetables, red meat, whole grain, or taking iron supplement

What you should do now? Practice problems, with Markscheme posted on Moodle.