Anatomy and Physiology Arteries and Veins Mrs. Gionta

Arteries Top to Bottom External Carotid Vertebral Brachiocephalic Brachial Renal Aorta Radial Common iliac Internal iliac Popliteal Anterior tibial Top to Bottom Internal carotid Common carotid Subclavian Axillary Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric Ulnar Inferior mesenteric External iliac Femoral Posterior tibial Arteries

Veins Top to Bottom Vertebral Brachiocephalic Superior Vena Cava Brachial Inferior Vena Cava Renal Radial Common Iliac Internal Iliac Great saphenous Posterior tibial Top to Bottom Internal Jugular Subclavian Axillary Cephalic Hepatic Median cubital Ulnar Femoral Popliteal Small saphenous Anterior tibial Veins

Blood Vessels What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A. Arteries (4 main points) 1. Carry blood away from heart towards capillaries

2. Thick walls with 3 layers Endothelium: inside layer Muscle: middle layer, flexibility and strength Connective tissue: 4 strength endothelium muscle connective

3. Must with stand higher blood Pressure (BP) than veins & capillaries 4. Small arteries are called arterioles endothelium connective muscle arteriole

Arteries to know Pulmonary  lung Aorta  rest of the body L pulmonary Arteries to know Pulmonary  lung Aorta  rest of the body Coronary  heart cells R pulmonary

B. Capillaries Allow materials to diffuse in/out of the blood Thickness: 1 cell, endothelium Diameter: only 1 red blood cell can pass at a time

Examples of materials that are exchanged -nutrients, waste, oxygen, CO2

Interstitial fluid: Fluid fills the gaps between cells Carries dissolved materials between blood and body cells

C. Veins Carry blood from capillaries towards the heart

Walls with 3 layers (not as thick as arteries) Endothelium: Muscle: Connective tissue: endothelium muscle connective

Small veins are called venules. endothelium connective muscle arteriole venule

BP too low to push blood back to heart against gravity Veins have valves: prevents back flow of blood between pulses Muscle movement helps move blood

Superior vena cava: from upper body Veins to know Pulmonary: from lung Superior vena cava: from upper body Inferior vena cava: from lower body Coronary: from heart cells Superior vena cava L pulmonary V R pulmonary V Inferior vena cava

C A B

4 8 1 5 2 6 B 3 7 A C D E

Chapter 10: Blood What is the function of blood? What are the 2 main components of blood?

What is the function of blood? Defense against disease Transport Defense against disease Distribute heat

Blood: Physical Characteristics and Volume Sticky opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste. Heavier than water. 5x thicker than water. (More viscous) PH between 7.35 and 7.45 (Alkaline) Temperature- 38⁰C or 140⁰F (↑than body temp)

What are the 2 main components of blood? 1. Plasma—55% of blood 2. Formed Elements—45% of blood

1. Plasma—55% of blood Liquid part of blood. 90% water. 100 different substances in plasma. - Electrolytes, gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste, etc.

2. Formed Elements—45% of blood 44% of blood : Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells-RBC) >1% of blood: Leukocytes (White Blood Cells-WBC) >1% of blood: Platelets (Help stop bleeding)

What color is deoxygenated blood? A. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBC) Transports Oxygen Contains protein: hemoglobin w/ Fe (iron) O2 attaches to hemoglobin Biconcave No nucleus Most numerous What color is deoxygenated blood?

B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC) Defense against pathogens (disease causing organisms) Can go through capillary walls Two major groups: Granulocytes Granule-containing WBC Lobed nuclei Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC) Cont. Largest Least numerous (if healthy) Variety of shapes for cells and nucleus

C. Platelets Blood clotting Fibrin (liquid plasma protein) turns solid when mixed with chemicals that are released by platelets Fibrin sticks to cut edges and forms a mesh that catches blood cells and forms a scab Smallest No nucleus

1. 4. 3. 2.

Human Blood Groups Plasma membranes of RBC’s, like those of all other body cells, bear genetically determined proteins (antigens), which identify each person as unique. Antigen—a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

Human Blood Groups Although each of us tolerated our own cellular (self) antigens, one person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign us transfused into another person with different RBC antigens. The “recognizers” are antibodies present in the plasma that attach to RBC’s bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (blood recipient’s) RBC’s. Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBC’s to clump, a phenomenon called agglutination.  clogging of blood vessels.

ABO Blood Groups The ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits. Absence of both antigens results in type O blood Presence of both antigens leads to type AB blood Presence of either A or B antigens yield type A or B blood.

A baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group O) Antibodies form during infancy against the ABO antigens NOT present on your own RBC’s A baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group O) forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Those with type A antigens (Group A) form anti-B antibodies.

Antibodies : proteins which attach to specific foreign proteins Testing blood types- Antibodies : proteins which attach to specific foreign proteins Mix blood w 1 antibody one at a time If the antibody reacts w blood, the antibodies complimentary protein is present on blood A reaction causes particles or fibers to form in blood antibody Reacts w Anti A A protein Anti B B protein Anti Rh Rh protein

What type of blood doe this person have?

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What color is deoxygenated blood? Human blood is always red and never blue. The mistaken belief that deoxygenated blood is blue is due to the fact that darker blood absorbs less light. Light is an electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Visible light consists of different colors (the colors of the rainbow) when combined, they look white. According to some researchers, tissue optics (how light is absorbed and scattered) is responsible for the blue blood phenomenon. According to this theory, the depths of the veins as well as the darkness of the deoxygenated blood reflect the blue color of the light spectrum. Since the blue color is not absorbed, it is "bounced back" and the eye sees the veins as blue. However, the color of the blood ranges from bright red, when it is oxygenated, to dark red when it is not. When blood leaves the heart to be transported to organs and tissues, it carries oxygen in its hemoglobin. When oxygen is bound to iron, the blood looks bright red. Once oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide binds, the deoxygenated blood looks darker in color.