Genetics: A Conceptual Approach © 2009 W. H. Freeman and Company Benjamin A. Pierce Genetics: A Conceptual Approach THIRD EDITION CHAPTER 10 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene © 2009 W. H. Freeman and Company Copyright 2008 © W. H. Freeman and Company

The remarkable stability of DNA makes the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient remains possible, including Neanderthal bones that are more than 30,000 years old. [John Reader/Photo Researchers.]

10.1 Many people have contributed to our understanding of the structure of DNA.

10.2 Griffith’s experiments demonstrated transformation in bacteria.

10.3 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10.3 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10.3 (part 1) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10.3 (part 1) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10.3 (part 2) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10.3 (part 2) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment revealed the nature of the transforming principle.

10. 4a (part 1) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli 10.4a (part 1) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. (a) T2 phage. [© Lee D. Simon/Photo Researchers.]

10. 4a (part 2) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli 10.4a (part 2) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. (a) T2 phage.

10. 4a (part 2) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli 10.4a (part 2) T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. (a) T2 phage.

10.4b T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. (b) Its life cycle.

10.4b T2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli. (b) Its life cycle.

10.5 Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.5 Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.5 (part 1) Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.5 (part 1) Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.5 (part 2) Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.5 (part 2) Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA carries the genetic information in bacteriophages.

10.6 X-ray diffraction provides information about the structures of molecules. [Photograph from M. H. F. Wilkins, Department of Biophysics, King’s College, University of London.]

10.6 X-ray diffraction provides information about the structures of molecules. [Photograph from M. H. F. Wilkins, Department of Biophysics, King’s College, University of London.]

10.7 Watson (left) and Crick (right) provided a three-dimensional model of the structure of DNA. [A. Barrington Brown/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers.]

10.8 Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.8 Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.8 (part 1) Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.8 (part 1) Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.8 (part 2) Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.8 (part 2) Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer’s experiment demonstrated that RNA in the tobacco mosaic virus carries the genetic information.

10.9 A nucleotide contains either a ribose sugar (in RNA) or a deoxyribose sugar (in DNA). The carbon atoms are assigned primed numbers.

10. 10 A nucleotide contains either a purine or a pyrimidine base 10.10 A nucleotide contains either a purine or a pyrimidine base. The atoms of the rings in the bases are assigned unprimed numbers.

10.10 (part 1) A nucleotide contains either a purine or a pyrimidine base. The atoms of the rings in the bases are assigned unprimed numbers.

10.10 (part 2) A nucleotide contains either a purine or a pyrimidine base. The atoms of the rings in the bases are assigned unprimed numbers.

10.11 A nucleotide contains a phosphate group.

10.12 There are four types of DNA nucleotides.

10.13 DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.13 DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.13 (part 1) DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.13 (part 1) DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.13 (part 2) DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.13 (part 2) DNA and RNA consist of polynucleotide strands.

10.14a B-DNA consists of an alpha helix with approximately 10 bases per turn. (a) Space-filling model of B-DNA showing major and minor grooves.

10.14b B-DNA consists of an alpha helix with approximately 10 bases per turn. (b) Diagrammatic representation.

10.14b B-DNA consists of an alpha helix with approximately 10 bases per turn. (b) Diagrammatic representation.

10. 15 DNA can assume several different secondary structures. [After J 10.15 DNA can assume several different secondary structures. [After J. M. Berg, J. L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer, Biochemistry, 6th ed. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2002), pp. 785, 787.]

10.16a Pathways of information transfer within the cell.

10.16a Pathways of information transfer within the cell.

10.16b Pathways of information transfer within the cell.

10.16b Pathways of information transfer within the cell.

10. 17a Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures 10.17a Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures. (a) A hairpin, consisting of a region of paired bases (which form the stem) and a region of unpaired bases between the complementary sequences (which form a loop at the end of the stem).

10. 17b Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures 10.17b Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures. (b) A stem with no loop.

10. 17c Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures 10.17c Both DNA and RNA can form special secondary structures. (c) Secondary structure of RNA component of RNase P of E. coli. RNA molecules often have complex secondary structures.

10.18 In eukaryotic DNA, cytosine bases are often methylated to form 5-methylcytosine.