Early Civilizations in East and Southeast Asia Chapter 12

The Tang and Song Dynasties Europe very divided – fragmented into feudal kingdoms Unity restored China

Two major dynasties in China TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY Restores unity in China Uniform system of government Land distributed to peasants – land reform Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea become tributary states Self-governing, but under Chinese control China’s wealth and culture dominated Well-ordered society New tools for peasants; self-sufficient Grand Canal – shipping goods to the north Foreign trade flourished Threat of invaders – especially Mongols

Tang Dynasty China was divided for 400 years 618 – Emergence of Tang under Li Yuan Li Shimin (Tang Taizong) becomes most admired emperor Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea become tributary states

Tang Dynasty Female empress Wu Zhao – uniform government of China Land reform – broke up pieces of land to distribute to peasants Decline due to lost territories to Central Asia and Arab countries Corruption, high taxes, drought, famine, war

Song Dynasty 960– founded by Zhao Kuangyin Song ruled 319 years Great achievements and wealth

Chinese Ordered Society Gentry value education – wealthy landowning class Peasants work land Could move up in society Slavery was limited Merchants = lowest class Riches came from others Status of women higher than later years Dowries, foot binding, and more!

The Mongol and Ming Empires Focus Question: What are the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China?

Diverse Cultures in Southeast Asia Geographically separated into two main groups by mountains Trade routes determined by monsoons

Mongol Empire

The Mongols Nomadic people Invaded China Steppes- vast, treeless plains Invaded China Led by Mongol chieftan, Ghengis Khan Attacked China’s walled cities with cannons and new weapons

Genghis Khan & His Successors Tolerant leader – as long as he had loyalty Established peace and order – Pax Mongolica Cultural exchanges and economic growth

Kublai Khan Defeated last Song emperor in 1279 Genghis Khan’s grandson A feat his grandfather could not do Genghis Khan’s grandson Did not want Mongols to be absorbed into Chinese civilization

Empire Under Kublai Khan (Mongols) Only Mongols could serve in military Highest gov’t jobs could only be served by Mongols Mix of Chinese and foreign cultures developed Yuan Dynasty Welcomed foreigners into his court Stabilized China Increased trade

Life in China After Mongols Kublai Khan dies in 1294 Marco Polo (Italian explorer) writes about splendor and wealth of China Outside contact continues – trade Most Chinese resented the Mongols

The Ming Dynasty Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang – peasant leader of rebel army – 1368 Goal: Restore Chinese greatness

Ming Dynasty…con’t Restore Civil Service System Economic growth Chinese culture flourishes Painting Poetry Porcelain Novels – early fiction

Zheng He 1405 – commands first Chinese overseas exploration Promoted trade 1435 – Zheng He dies – exploration stops

Korea & its traditions Table Jigsaw: pg. 386 #2-5 Each person narrows their reading focus to one question. Share answers & have one set per table to share for group discussion.

Japan and the Feudal Age

Geography Archipelago – chain of islands 4/5 of land is mountains – people live in river valleys Too far away for China to conquer; close enough to learn from Seas = trade routes and FISHING

Forces of Nature Feared and respected Ring of Fire – chain of volcanoes Subject to earthquakes causing tidal waves (tsunamis)

Early Traditions Divided into clans – each with a chief and god or goddess 500 – Yamato clan set up the first and only dynasty Descent from Sun god Shinto – worship of forces of nature Korean influence

Chinese Influence Selective borrowing – kept some Chinese ways, but discarded others Kana – phonetic symbols representing syllables

Feudal Warfare – 1400s Local warlords formed armies to pledge loyalty to them rather than government Samurai – “those who serve” Bushido – “way of the warrior” Honor, bravery, absolute loyalty

Feudalism Role of women declines Peasants = backbone of society Inheritance limited to sons Samurai code did not include chivalry Peasants = backbone of society Merchants were the lowest class Gained their wealth from others Status will improve Typhoons kept Japan from Mongol invasion

Tokugawa Shogunate Imposed central government to end feudal warfare Ruled Japan until 1868 Created unified, orderly society Forced daimyo (lords) to live at the capital every other year Flourishing economy

Zen Buddhism Zen – Buddhist sect from China Emphasized self-reliance, meditation, and devotion to duty

Korea Influenced by China, but kept distinct culture Location plays huge role Silla dynasty unites smaller states Koryo dynasty brings about present-day Korea 1590s – Japan invades Brought many Korean influences to Japan

Section 5: Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia

Geography Mainland Southeast Asia Island Southeast Asia Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia Island Southeast Asia Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, 20,000+ islands

Geography….con’t Mainland separated from Asia by mountains Trade Routes Shaped by monsoons (seasonal winds) Linked India, SE Asia, and China to East Africa and the Middle East

Early Traditions Developed own culture before outside influences arrived Diverse ethnic groups in isolated villages Many languages Nuclear families Women had more equality

Indian Influence Indian culture spreads: merchants settled into port cities Reaches peak between 500-1000 Trade brings prosperity = SPICES Indians bring Islam Today, Indonesia has the largest Muslim population

Vietnam Chinese domination Preserved identity Governmental ideas are adopted Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism shaped society Preserved identity 939 – broke free from Chinese rule

Chapter 12 Review Page 404 #1-15, 17