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jl/i7 clwjQmf tyf k|fWofks d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] d"ne"t wf/0ffut kIfx? / o;df cjnDjGf ul/Psf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;4fGtx?M Ps 5nkmn 8f= /lht eQm k|wfgfË jl/i7 clwjQmf tyf k|fWofks

5nkmnsf ljifox¿ !_ ljifo k|j]z @= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] ;+/rgf / ltgsf] d'ne't k|fjwfgx? #= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ df kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf wf/0ffut kIfx¿ $= cfk/flws bfloTjsf] kl/efiff / juL{s/0f %= ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / o:sf] cfjZolso tTjx?

^= ck/fwsf] cfjZos TfTjx? &= ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f *= ck/fwdf ;xeflutf / ltgsf] juL{s/0f ( ck"0f{ cfk/flws bfloTj tyf ltgsf] juL{s/0f !)= kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;4fGtx? !!= pk;+xf/

!= ljifo k|j]z g]kfndf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{ y'k|} k|of;x¿ ;do–;dodf x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . d'n'sL P]g, !(!) – klxnf] lnlvt sfg"g, d'n'sL P]g, !(!) n] g]kfndf 5l/P/ /x]sf / g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kl5 g]kfnsf ljleGg clw/fHo, /fHox¿df k|rngdf /x]sf lxGb" wd{ zf:q, k|yf, k|rng, k/Dk/f Pj+ ;gb, ;jfnx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f,

d'n'sL P]g,. (. ) d'Vo ;|f]tsf] d'n'sL P]g, !(!) d'Vo ;|f]tsf] ?kdf lxGb"wd{zf:q /x]sf] / wd{zf:qn] g;d]6]sf s'/fx¿ k|yf / k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf k|yf / k/Dk/f cfwf/l/t eO{ ljsl;t ePsf] Joj:yfx¿nfO{ g} Plss/0f ul/Psf] d'n'sL P]g, !(!) agfpgsf] nflu P]g sfplG;nsf] u7g, O= ;+= !*@@ sfhL ph"/ l;+x ;+lxtfs/0f ug{] lhDdf, ph"/ l;+x ;+lxtf – k|:tfljt w]/} Joj:yfx? d'n'sL P]gdf ;dflxt .

d'n'sL P]g, !(!) df s'g} sfg"gL k|0ffnL jf s'g} b]zdf k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] k|ToIf k|efj /x]sf] lyPg . – lxGb'wd{zf:q, k/Dk/fut k|yf tyf l/ltl/jfhdf cfwfl/t d'n'sL P]g, !(!) ag]sf] em08} !^$ jif{ k'uL ;Sbf klg o;n] ;'?jft u/]sf k|0ffnL, sfg"g / l;4fGt eGbf k/ xfdL hfg ;s]sf 5}gf} . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kl5 sfg"gnfO{ cfw'lgs/0f (Modernization), k|hftflGqs/0f (Democratization), ;+lxtfs/0f (Codification) ug]{ k|lqmofx¿ z'? eP tfklg xfdLdf ljBdfgtf ePsf] æd'n'sL P]g dfgl;stfÆ af6 xfdL vf;} kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf 5}gf}.

;+lxtfs/0f (codification), cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] dx;"; u/]sf] eP tfklg of] Hofb} 7"nf] lnlvtx? ePsf]n] ljz]if kxn / ;j{;Ddt ljgf aGg / nfu" x'g ;Qm}g . Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|j]z ePsf % j6f ;+lxtfnfO{ kfl/t ug{] h'g hdsf{] ;+;bn] u/]sf] of] Hofb} ;¥xflgo / P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ – gofF o'usf] yfngL / ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf] ;'?jftL ljGb'

;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / hf/L kl5 bf];|f] 7"nf] sfo{ef/sf] ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / hf/L kl5 bf];|f] 7"nf] sfo{ef/sf] ?kdf xfn ;+;bdf ljrf/flwg /x]sf kmf}hbf/L sfg"g tyf b]jfgL sfg"g kl/dfh{g Pj+ ;+lxtfs/0fsf nflu k|:t't eO/x]sf] k|:tfljt kmf}hbf/L ljw]osx?nfO{ kfl/t eO{ d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ gfdfs/0f u/L ldlt @)&$ c;f]h #) ut] /fi6«kltaf6 k|dfl0ft eO{ @)&% efb| ! ut] b]lv nfu' x'g] ePsf] 5 .

s'g} klg /fHodf k|hftGq (Democracy) ljsl;t Pj+ ;+:yfut x'g sfg"gL /fh (Rule of Law) ljgf ;dfhdf ljsf;, ;DkGgtf, zflGt;'/Iff / cdgrog sfod x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu dha'6, alnof] Pj+ k|efjsf/L kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . / lo sfo{ ;+lxtfs/0f ul/Psf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . o;} kl/k]|Iodf General Law cyf{t hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sfg"gsf] ?kdf em08} !^$ jif{ kl5 sfg"gdf cfd"n kl/jt{g / ^# jif{ cl3 yfngL ul/Psf] ;+lxtfs/0f ug{] k|of;nfO{ d"t{?k k|bfg u/L d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_,@)&$ NofOPsf] 5 . h'g cfhsf] cfjZostf / hgtfsf] rfxgf klg xf] .

klxnf] sfg"g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)!) ;fndf u7g sfhL dfl0fs nfn /fhe08f/L lgsfo / sfo{bn ;+of]hs/cWoIf ;+lxtfsf] gfd hDdf bkmf klxnf] k|of; klxnf] sfg"g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)!) ;fndf u7g sfhL dfl0fs nfn /fhe08f/L g]kfn b08 ;+lxtf, @)!@ bkmf #&& bf];|f] k|of; rf}yf] sfg"g ;'wf/ cfof]u gog axfb'/ vqL cWoIf ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)#) bkmf @%& t];|f] k|of; kmf}hbf/L sfg"g kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ sfo{bn ;+of]hs k"j{ dxfGofoflwjQmf ab|L axfb'/ sfsL{ ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)%* bkmf @(( rf}yf] k|of; ;+of]hs dfggLo sNof0f >]i7 ck/fw ;+lxtf, @)^& bkmf #!) Joj:yflksf ;+;b af6 kfl/t @)&$.)$.@% /fi6«kltaf6 k|dfl0fs/0f @)&$.)^.#) nfu' x'g] ldlt @)&%.)%.)! d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ bkmf #)*

@= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] ;+/rgf / ltgsf d"ne"t k|fjwfgx? o; cl3sf ck/fw ;+lxtfx?, @)!@, @)#), @)%* x?n] ;+lxtfnfO{ d"ne"t ?kdf b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{] ub{} cfPsf]df d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] ;+lxtfnfO{ # efudf ljeQm u/]sf] 5 . / ;hfo lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 5'§} P]gsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . efu – !M ;fdfGo k|fjwfgx? -% kl/R5]bx?_ efu – @M kmf}hbf/L s;"/x? -@& kl/R5]bx?_ efu – #M j}olQms uf]kgLotf tyf k|lti7f lj?4sf] s;"/ -@ kl/R5]bx?_ hDdf #$ kl/R5]b / #)* bkmfx?

efu !M ;fdfGo k|fjwfgx? kl/R5]b – ! M k|f/lDes ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_, @)&$ ;+lxtfsf] jlxIf]{qLo k|of]u kl/efiff ;fdfGo ?kdf nfu" x'g] l;4fGt / Joj:yfx? ljz]if P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]

kl/R5]b – @ M kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx? kmf}hbf/L Gofosf d"ne"t l;4fGtx? ;fdfGo k|lt/Iff cGtu{t cfpg] wf/0ffx? jfn jflnsfsf] cfk/flws bfloTj lg/k]If bfloTj, ;+o'Qm bfloTj ;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;"/df cfk/flws bfloTj kl/R5]b – # M cfk/flws if8oGq, pBf]u, b'?T;fxg / dltof/ kl/R5]b – $ M s;"/sf] uDeL/tf a9fpg] tyf 36fpg] Joj:yfx?

kl/R5]b – % M ;hfo / cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;hfosf] k|sf/ cfhGd s}b, hGds}b x'g] / hGds}bsf] u0fgf – gof“ Joj:yf PsLs[t s;"/ jfkt 8]9L ;hfo – gof“ wf/0ff h3Go / k6s] s;"/bf/nfO{ yk ;hfo jfnjflnsfnfO{ ;hfo hl/jfgf jfkt s}b ;hfodf 5'6 lbg ;lsg] – cleo]fhgsf] ;f}bfjfhL (Plea Bargaining) cGtl/d Ifltk"lt{

efu @M kmf}hbf/L s;"/x? kl/R5]b – ! M /fHo lj?4sf s;"/, kl/R5]b – @ M ;fj{hlgs zflGt lj?4sf] s;"/, kl/R5]b – # M ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] clVtof/Lsf] cjx]ngf ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – $ M ;fj{hlgs Gofo lj?4sf s;"/, kl/R5]b – % M ;fj{hlgs lxt, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf / g}ltstf lj?4sf s;"/, kl/R5]b – ^ M xftxltof/ tyf v/vhfgf ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – & M ljikmf]6s kbfy{ ;DaGwL s;"/,

kl/R5]b – * M /fli6«o tyf ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf lj?4sf s;"/, kl/R5]b – ( M wd{ ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !) M e]befj tyf cGo ckdfghGo Jojxf/ ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !! M ljjfx ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !@ M Hofg ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !# M ue{ ;+/If0f lj?4sf] s;"/, kl/R5]b – !$ M s'6lk6 ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !% M u}/sfg"gL y'gf ;DaGwL s;"/,

kl/R5]b – !^ M JolQm a]kQf kfg]{ ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !& M ckx/0f jf z/L/ jGws ;DjGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !* M s/0fL ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – !( M Onfh ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – @) M rf]/L tyf 8fFsf ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – @! M 7uL, cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft tyf cfk/flws nfe ;DaGwL s;"/ kl/R5]b – @@ M d'b|f ;DAfGwL s;"/

kl/R5]b – @# M l6s6 ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – @$ M gfktf}n ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – @% M lnvt ;DaGwL s;"/ , kl/R5]b – @^ M cfk/flws k|j]z tyf cfk/flws pkb|j ;DaGwL s;"/, kl/R5]b – @& M rf}kfof ;DaGwL s;"/

efu #M j}olQms uf]kgLotf tyf k|lti7f lj?4sf] s;"/ kl/R5]b – ! M uf]kgLotf lj?4sf s;"/ kl/R5]b – @ M ufnL a]OHhtL ;DaGwL s;"/

#= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] ;d]6]sf wf/0ffut kIfx? cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:n] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g ;/n, :ki6, af]wuDo / ;a}sf nflu ;j{;'ne x'g'kg]{ . ;+lxtfs/0fsf] wf/0ffut Pj+ ;}4flGts kIfx¿nfO{ j[xt / Jofks ¿kdf ;/n Pj+ :ki6 efiffdf /fVg] k|of;sf] yfngL sdn n c+ufn]sf d'n'sx¿df ;g\ !(^@ df American Law Institute af6 tof/ u/]sf] American Model Penal Code af6 ;'? u/]sf] xf] . g]kfndf klxnf] k|of;sf] ?kdf g]kfn b08 ljwfg, @)!@ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cGt{/fli6«o d"No dfGotfsf ;fy} k|:tfljt ck/fw ;+lxtfx?, @)#), @)%* / @)^& n] c+ufn]sf wf/0ffut kIfnfO{ cfTd;fy

$= ck/flws bfloTjsf] kl/efiff / logsf] juL{s/0f cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qsf] s]Gb|Lo wf/0ff (Central Concept) o; wf/0ffsf] ;]/f]k]m/f]df ;Dk"0f{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf wf/0ff, l;4fGt, ljrf/ Pj+ /fox¿ ljsl;t ePsf] d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf @( / bkmf #) df cfk/flws bfloTj eGg] jfSof+z k|of]u,

d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] o;nfO{ kl/eflift eg] u/]sf] 5}g d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] o;nfO{ kl/eflift eg] u/]sf] 5}g . oBlk ck/fw ;+lxtfdf o;nfO{ :ki6Ls/0fsf] ¿kdf jf kl/eflift ug]{ bkmfsf] s'g} v08df kl/eflift u/L :ki6 kfg{ h?/L /x]sf] 5 . cfk/flws bfloTjnfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf Criminal Liability eGb} cfPsf]df, Model Penal Code, 2007 n] Criminal Responsibility egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

Article 16 n] lgDg ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M hxf s'g} JolQm, h;n] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ u/]sf] jf 36fPsf] 5 eg], p lgDg cj:yfx?df cfk/flws bfloTjsf eflubf/ x'G5M (A person who commits a criminal offence is criminally responsible if):

olb p;n] ;f] cfk/flws s;"/ dg;fo, nfk/jfxL jf x]nrqmofO{ k"0f{ u/]sf] 5 (He or she commits a criminal offence with intention, recklessness or negligence), olb To;df s'g} sfg"gL cf}lrTotfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g (No lawful justification exists for the commission of the criminal offence), olb To;df cfkf/flws bfloTjaf6 5'6sf/f lbg ;Sg] s'g} cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g, / (There are no grounds excluding criminal responsibility for the commission of the criminal offence) and

olb sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cGo s'g} bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g (There are no other statutorily defined grounds excluding criminal responsibility.) o;/L cfk/flws bfloTj eGgfn] k|rlnt kmf}hbf/L sfg"gåf/f ck/fw jf s;"/ egL lgif]lwt jf kl/eflift s'g} sfo{ u/]afkt axg ug'{kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ cfk/flws bfloTj (Criminal Responsibility) elgG5 .

%= ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / o:sf] cfjZolso TfTjx? ck/fw eGgfn] sfg"gn] u/ eg]sf] gug'{ / gu/ eg]sf] ug]{ sfo{ xf] ck/fw eg]sf] tL ;dfhdf ljsl;t ePsf] dfgljo cfr/0f Jojxf/x? h;nfO{ ;dfhn] ckfRo dfg]sf] x'G5 / /fi6«sf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ ljwflosfn] To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ rfxL sfg'gsf] ?kdf j}Btf k|bfg u/L sfg"gsf ?kdf ;j} JolQmsf lgldQ ;dfg ?kdf nfu' u/L o;sf] pNnª\3g u/]sf] v08df b08 x'G5 egL /fHosf] ljBflosfn] :ki6 ?kdf JoQm u/]sf] sfo{ kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf]] pNnª\3g ug]{ sfo{ ck/fw xf] . cyf{t ;dfh lj/f]wL sfo{ xf] .

g]kfn sfg'g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @) g]kfn sfg'g JofVof ;DjGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @-3_ n] s;'/nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 hxfF æk|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g adf]ldh u/]df jf gu/]df ;hfo x'g] sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ .Æ egL pNn]v, eg], d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -u_ df n] klg s;'/ eGgfn] o; P]g jf sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] sfd ;Demg' k5{ , egL pNn]v s;'/ -Offence) sf] kof{ojfrL zJb xf]

Black Stone sf cg';f/ Crime is an act committed or omitted in violation of Public law for bidding or commanding it. Stephen sf cg';f/ A crime is a violation of a rights, considered in reference to the evil tendency of such violation as regard the community at large.

ck/fwsf] kl/efiffsf cfjZos tTjx¿ (Requirements of Definition of a Crime) s= dfgjLo Jojxf/ (Human Conduct) v_;fj{hlgs sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ (An Act Prohibited by Public Law) u_ cfk/flws b08sf] k|fjwfg (Provison of Criminal Sanction or Sentence)

^ck/fwsf] cfjZos tTjx? (Constituent Requirement of Crime) s= ck/flws sfo{ (Actus Reus) v= cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea)

Elements of Actus Reus Conduct Requirement cyf{t OlR5t dfgjLo Jojxf/ x'g' kg]{, Circumstantial Requirement lglZrt kl/l:yltdf 36gf 36]sf] x'g' kg]{, Consequential Requirement lglZrt kl/0ffd lgl:sPsf] x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . Formula 3c

v= cfk/flws dg;fo (Mens Rea) cfk/flws dg;fo -Mens Rea) nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M c= dg;fo (Intention) cf= hfgLhfgL (Knowledge) O= nfk/jfxL (Recklessness) O{= x]nr]qmfofO{ (Negligence)

ck/fw x'gsf nflu bf]ifL dgf]efjgf x'g'k5{ "Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea" Actus Reus-Mens Rea Mens-Actus Reus Actus Reus + Mens Rea No Actus Reus No Crime

&= ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f -Classification of Crime) c_ ck/fwsf] ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Crime According to Subject-matter), cf_ ck/fwsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Crime According to Graviousness), O_ w/f}6Lsf cfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Crime According to Bailment),  

O{_ g}ltstfsf cfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Crime According to Morality), p_ cfk/flws bfloTjsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ck/fwsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Crime According to the Principles of Criminal Liability)

*= ck/fwsf] ;xeflutfsf] cy{ (Meaning of Participation in a Crime) ck/fwsf ;xefuL eGgfn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ck/fw egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] s'g} cfk/flws sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg], ug{ d2t, ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, x'g lbg] ;xeflutf jf ;+nUgtf hgfpg] JolQm xf] . Model Penal Code, 2007 sf] Section 11 : Participation in a Criminal Offence egL 5'§} kl/R5]bsf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ Participation s]f kl/efiff eg] lbPsf 5}g .

juL{s/0f ck/fwdf ;xeflutf (Participation in Crime) Company Corporation Legal Institution Legal Entities ck/fwdf ;xeflutf (Participation in Crime) Participation by Human being Participation by legal Person Organize Group Group Individual

h;sf] xftaf6 ck/fwsf] jf/bft ePsf] 5 d'Vo cleo'Qm (Principal Offender) h;sf] xftaf6 ck/fwsf] jf/bft ePsf] 5 (Perpetrator) cx|fpg] (Command responsibility) if8oGq jf of]hgfsf/ (Conspirator Planner) arg lbg] l;sfpg] (Ordering) pS;fpg] (Soliciting)

gfansaf6 ck/fw u/fPsf] cj:yf lgbf]{if ;xof]uL (Innocent Agent) k"0f{ ?kdf lgbf{]if JolQm (Totally Innocent person) s'g} k|lt/Iff k|fKt JolQm (Person having any kind of valid defense) gfansaf6 ck/fw u/fPsf] cj:yf (Person under the age of criminal responsibility)

dltof/ s;"/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{] jf d2t k'¥ofpg] s;"/bf/ efupg] jf n'sfpg] cGo k|sf/af6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s;"/ ug{ ;fwg pknAw u/fpg]

(= ck"0f{ ck/flws bfloTjsf] juL{s/0f cfk/flws b'?T;fxg (Criminal Incitement) Persuation commanding or encouraging another person to commit an offence cfk/flws if8oGq (Criminal Conspiracy) Agreeing with other (s) to commit an offence ck"0f{ ck/fw (Inchoate Offences) Criminal Attempt -pBf]u_ Trying to commit an offence by doing an act which is more than merely preparatory

-s_ cfk/flws if8oGq (Criminal Conspiracy) b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L JolQmx?n] Ps cfk;df ldn]dtf] u/L s'g} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] lgif]w u/]sf] s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{ jf s;'/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Demf}tf u/]df jf d~h'/ u/]df lghsf] To:tf] sfo{nfO{ cfk/flws if8oGqsf] ck/fw eflgG5 . of] ;fk]lIfs bfloTjsf] ck/fw (Relative Liability of Crime) s;'/df dfq cfk/flws if8oGqsf] ;[hgf x'g] ub{5 . d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ## df o;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-v_ cfk/flws pBf]u (Criminal Attempt) kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:q adf]lhd s'g} cfk/flws sfo{ ug{sf] nflu cfk/flws dg;fo adf]lhdsf] tof/L k'/f u/L ;s]kl5 To:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] cfkm'n] rfx]sf] lgif]lwt kl/0fd k|fKt ug{sf] nflu u/]sf] s'g} klg ef}lts sfo{ jf cfk/flws sfo{ Actus reus n] ck]lIft kl/0fd Nofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ck/fwsf] pBf]u (Attempted Crime) eGg] ul/G5 . of] ck"0f{ ck/fwsf] bf];|f] lsl;d xf] . o; ;DaGwdf d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf #$ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ cfk/flws b'?T;fxg (Criminal Incitement) s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g} h3Go jf uDeL/ s;'/ ug{ pS;fp5 eg] To;nfO{ ck/flws b'?T;fxg elgG5 . of] ck"0f{ ck/fwsf] t];|f] lsl;d xf] . of] ck/fwsf] s'g} r/0fdf jf ck/fwsf] r/0f eGbf klxn] klg b]vf kg{ ;Qm5 . d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf #% n] cfk/flws b'?T;fxgsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

= d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ df Joj:yf ul/Psf b' = d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ df Joj:yf ul/Psf b'?T;fxg, pBf]u / if8oGqsf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx? != bkmfM $( ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf /fli6«o Pstf pk/ vnn ug{ gx'g] $(-@_ if8oGq (Conspiracy) $(-#_ b'?T;fxg (Incitement) $(-$_ if8oGq (Conspiracy), b'?T;fxg (Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt) @= bkmf %%= ;}lgs jf k|x/LnfO{ e8sfpg gx'g] %%-!_ b'?T;fxg (Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt)

#= bkmf %^M hf;';L (Spy) %^-!_ if8oGq (Conspiracy), b'?T;fxg (Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt) $= bkmf !%*= wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg gx'g] !%*-!_ b'?T;fxg (Incitement) / pBf]u (Attempt)

kl/R5]b !@ Hofg ;DjGwL s;'/ %= bkmf !*#= Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u ug{ gx'g] bkmf !*#-!_ -!_ s;}n] s;}sf] Hofg dfg]{ lgotn] To;sf] pBf]u ug{ x'Fb}g . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ jf u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ bz jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .

!)= kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;4fGtx? s_ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;4fGtx? d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf ^ b]lv !$ / bkmf @* v_ ;fdfGo k|lt/Iffdf nfu'x'g] l;4fGtx? / d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !% b]lv @& u_ ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs ;+u cfj4 l;4fGtx? bkmf #@

kmf}hbf/L Gofosf l;4fGtx? bkmf ^=sfg"g adf]]lhdsf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] &= sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s ;hfo gx'g] *= tYosf] e|ddf k/L u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] (= Pp6} s;"/df bf]xf]/f] ;hfo gx'g] !) :jR5 ;'g'jfO{af6 jl~rt gx'g] !!= cfk\mgf] la?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg] !@= s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP ;Dd s;"/bf/ gdflgg]

!#= afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] !$= xf]; 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gdflgg] !%= d~h'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] !^= enfO{sf nflu d~h'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] !&= enfO{sf nflu ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] !*= enfO{sf nflu d~h'/L glnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] !(= d~h'/L lnP/ u/]sf] eP klg s;"/ dflgg]] @!= c;n lgotn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Laf6 Iflt k'u]df s;"/ gx'g] M @@= 8/ qf;df k/L u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] M @#= cGo xflg, gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gx'g] M

@$ lghL /Iffsf] nflu u/]sf] sfd s;"/ gdflgg] M @%= lghL /Iffsf] clwsf/df aGb]h @^= Hofg lng] clwsf/ gx'g] @&= dfd'nL xflg, gf]S;fgL ePsf]df s;"/ gx'g] M @*= afnaflnsfaf6 u/fPsf] s;"/df pd]/ k'u]sf]nfO{ ;hfo x'g] @(= lg/k]If bfloTj -:6«LS6 nfoljlnl6_ x'g] s;"/df cfk/flws dg;fo k/LIf0f gx'g] #)= ;Ël7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;"/df sfd ug]{ u/fpg]sf] cfk/flws bfloTj x'g] #!= ;d"xaf6 ePsf] s;"/df ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;hfo x'g] M #@= ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ d'2fsf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs

!!= pk;Dxf/ d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] g]kfnL kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] ljsf;df Pp6f 5nfË dfg{ vf]h]sf] 5 / o;n] cfh ;Dd dfGb} cfPsf y'k|} k/Dk/fut wf/0ff x?nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qn] c+lusf/ u/]sf wf/0ffut kIfx? Pj+ l;4fGtx?nfO{ ;dflxt x'g] u/L o;sf] ;+/rgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] cfw'glgs kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] klxnf ck/flws/0f (Criminalization) / To;sf] gfdfs/0f kl5 To:tf] kmf}hbf/L s;'/ ck/fwdf plrt b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf (Penalization) / ck/fwdf

;xeflutf ;+nUgtf / e"ldsfsf] cfwf/df s;'/bf/x ;xeflutf ;+nUgtf / e"ldsfsf] cfwf/df s;'/bf/x?sf] ljefhg / bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0f / ck"0f{ ck/fwx? h:tf] cfk/flws if8oGq, cfk/flws b'?T;fxg Pj+ cfk/flws pBf]u, ;+l3g Pj+ h3Go k|s[ltsf] kmf}hbf/L s;'/ ck/fwdf ck"0f{ ck/fw x'g ;Sg] / ltgLx/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L ?kdf bfloTj jxg u/fpg' kg]{ wf/0ffnfO{ cTd;fy u/]sf] 5 . of] d'n'sL ck/fw -;+lxtf_ P]g, @)&$ n] w]/} xb ;Dd ;}4flGts ?kdf cGof]n / c:ki6 /x]sf ;}4flGts kIfx?nfO{ lrg{ ;s]sf], To:sf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] ePtfklg cem} klg ;+lxtfn] lgbf]{if ;xof]uL (Innocent Agent) d'Vo cleo'Qm (Principal Offender) sf] juL{s/0f / dltof/ (Accessory) sf] jf:tljs ljefhg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

o;y{ d'Vo cleo'Qmx. sf] juL{s/0f, dltof/x o;y{ d'Vo cleo'Qmx?sf] juL{s/0f, dltof/x?sf] ljefhg / lgbf]{if ;xof]uLs] ;DjGwdf cbfntsf] JofVofdf 5f]8g' eGbf klg o;nfO{ P]gdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .

wGojfb .