Before History

Early Agricultural Society Population explosion 10,000 BCE (pre-agriculture)= 4 million 5,000 BCE (early agriculture)= 5 million 3,000 BCE= 14 million 2,000 BCE= 27 million 1,000 BCE= 50 million 500 BCE= 100 million

Early Agricultural Society Permanent villages near their fields Jericho (Israel)- 8,000 BCE Pop. 2,000 people Freshwater oasis Wheat and barley Hunted games Traded salt and obsidian- hard volcanic glass to make knives and blades Built wall and moat to protect settlement Abundant food allows more free time to become specialized

Early Agricultural Society Catal Huyuk (Turkey)- 7,250-5,400 BCE Pop. 5,000 people Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone and metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beds, jewelry Goods used to help agriculture or created from it

Three Early Craft Industries 1. Pottery Needed to store surplus food Appropriate for stationary communities 7,000 BCE- process to create pottery that could hold dry or liquid products Glazes and designs emerge as artistic expression and functional

Three Early Craft Industries 2. Metalworking Copper- first hammered, then heated, then melted Jewelry Decorations Tools (knives, hoes, axes) Weapons Later worked with gold, bronze, iron, etc.

Three Early Craft Industries 3. Textile Production Domestication and breeding of plants and animals creates new, workable fibers Spin fibers into thread, then into cloth Women gravitate towards textile work (at home nursing and watching small children)

Social Distinctions Emerge Permanent settlements Accumulation of wealth Institutionalization of private land ownership Consolidation of wealth, passed down to generations

Neolithic Culture Applied science- observed the natural world and amassed knowledge from previous generations Changing seasons Weather predictions Astronomy Developed calendars Emergence of religion

Neolithic Culture Neolithic Religion- celebrated agricultural rhythms Fertility Birth, growth, death, regeneration Figurines, drawings, decorated tools, pots/vases Venus-type figures Cycle of life Animals (Animism) Female gods associated with fertility, life, growth, nourishment Male gods associated with energy and virility in the creation of life Death, decay, destruction, with regeneration

Origins of Cities Cities Dense populations Specialized labor Complex social relations Certain locations attract more people (rivers) Larger and more complex than villages and towns More intense specialization- professionals Refine/invent technologies and processes Raise quality and production Emergence of governors, administrators, military leaders, and priests (maintain traditions and values)

Origins of Cities Cities influence large regions politically, economically, and culturally Marketplaces Large scale trade with other cities over longer distances Economic interdependency Military and political control over land to ensure food production Smaller settlements, schools, and temples between cities facilitate spread of good, ideas, and influence

Origins of Cities Earliest cities in Iraq, along Tigris and Euphrates (4,000- 3,500 BCE) Egypt, northern India, Northern China, central Mexico, central Andean Region Grow out of agricultural villages and towns