The Scientific Revolution Chapter 22 Section 1 Objective: Describe how ideas from the Middle Ages and Renaissance led to the Scientific Revolution. Objective: Describe how scientific theories and methods of the Scientific Revolution challenged those of the early classical and medieval periods.

What is the Scientific Revolution? A new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

MIDDLE AGES/RENAISSANCE  SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Compass The Renaissance, a rebirth of learning & the arts, inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields  scholars questioned ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years Reformation – challenging religion  people’s view of physical world changes as well Exploration  fueled scientific research because better navigation and geographic devices were needed to determine location in the open sea. Astrolabe

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CHALLENGES CLASSICAL IDEAS Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory

Nicolaus Copernicus A Polish astronomer who established the heliocentric theory. He knew his idea would not be popular with the church so he waited to publish his findings until he was on his deathbed in 1543 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

Galileo Galilei An Italian scientist who built a telescope in 1609. He noted that the earth’s moon had a rough, uneven surface. He supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory. He was summoned by the pope to come to Rome and stand trial before the Inquisition in 1633 -> under the threat of torture he recanted his views & was placed under house arrest until he died in 1642.

The Scientific Method It was a new approach to science. It follows a logical procedure for gathering information and testing ideas.

Who developed the scientific method? Francis Bacon Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Francis Bacon: he used empiricism or the experimental method – he urged scientists to experiment then draw conclusions. Descartes: He developed analytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry. He believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason (“I think, therefore I am”). Rene Descartes

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was an English scientist who developed the law of gravity. He explained that every object in the universe attracts every other object in the universe -> gravity rules motion of the planets and all other matter on earth and in space.

New Inventions Microscope which was used for viewing bacteria and red blood cells. mercury barometer for predicting weather & atmospheric pressure thermometer

Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations (previous knowledge was based on dissected pigs/animals). He created detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles.

Edward Jenner Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccine. He discovered exposure to cowpox made a person immune to smallpox which was much safer than the live inoculation method Asians were already using.

Robert Boyle Robert Boyle = founder of modern chemistry He challenged Aristotle's idea that the physical world consisted of only four elements: earth, air, fire, & water. Boyle proposed that matter was made of up smaller primary particles which explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.