The Practice of Statistics

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The Practice of Statistics Daniel S. Yates The Practice of Statistics Third Edition Chapter 5: Producing Data Copyright © 2008 by W. H. Freeman & Company

Sampling Frame The list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected. The sampling frame should include all individuals from the population.

4 Potential Sources of Bias (even with a well chosen sample) Undercoverage Nonresponse Response Wording of Questions

Response Bias Response bias occurs when sample results are inaccurate. Possible causes are: behavior of the respondent or of the interviewer reluctance to admit illegal or unpopular behavior faulty memory race or sex of the interviewer

Wording of Questions is the most important influence on the answers given to a sample survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and even minor changes in wording can change a survey’s outcome. Questions should be clear and neutral (not slanted toward one of the answer choices).

Can you believe the results? Insist on knowing the exact questions asked, the rate of nonresponse, and the date and method of the survey before you trust a poll result.

Inference about Population Sample results will vary while population parameters do not. Larger random samples give more precise results than smaller samples.